Sfinți (cronologie): Diferență între versiuni

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<big>Acest articol îşi propune să fie o mărturie despre [[sfinţi]] şi [[sfinţenie]] în [[Biserica Ortodoxă]] de-a lungul veacurilor, în ordinea cronologică a trecerii lor la Domnul.</big>
 
<big>Acest articol îşi propune să fie o mărturie despre [[sfinţi]] şi [[sfinţenie]] în [[Biserica Ortodoxă]] de-a lungul veacurilor, în ordinea cronologică a trecerii lor la Domnul.</big>
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==Din 20 î.Hr. până la perioada Noului Testament==
 
==Din 20 î.Hr. până la perioada Noului Testament==
 
*cca 22-19 î.Hr.: ''[[Ioachim şi Ana]] primesc vestea cea bună'' <ref>Sfântul Ioachim şi Ana aduc daruri în templul Domnului din Ierusalim de sărbătoarea anuală a Sfinţirii(Hanukkah) şi Sărbătorii Luminilor (cf. Macabei 4:52-59; 2 Macabei 10:5).</ref>, [[9 decembrie]].
 
*cca 22-19 î.Hr.: ''[[Ioachim şi Ana]] primesc vestea cea bună'' <ref>Sfântul Ioachim şi Ana aduc daruri în templul Domnului din Ierusalim de sărbătoarea anuală a Sfinţirii(Hanukkah) şi Sărbătorii Luminilor (cf. Macabei 4:52-59; 2 Macabei 10:5).</ref>, [[9 decembrie]].

Versiunea de la data 24 noiembrie 2009 20:32

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Acest articol îşi propune să fie o mărturie despre sfinţi şi sfinţenie în Biserica Ortodoxă de-a lungul veacurilor, în ordinea cronologică a trecerii lor la Domnul.

SFINȚI
Articole generale: Sfânt (despre sfințenie) - Sfinți (despre sfinți) - Sfințire (despre sfințiri)
Epoci: Sfinți (cronologie) - Sfinți români (cronologie)
Cetele sfinților: Mucenici (categorie) - Mărturisitori (categorie) - Apostoli (categorie) - Cuvioși (categorie) - Făcători de minuni (categorie) - Maica Domnului (categorie)

Din 20 î.Hr. până la perioada Noului Testament

Secolul întâi(1-100)

Epoca Noului Testament(1-30)

Since the deaths of many of the biblical personalities can not be traced, for the purposes of the New Testament era, we will list the chronological appearance of these same personalities, as they are documented in the Scripture.


Apostolic Era (30-100)

The Apostolic period can begin with the death of Christ, or from the Day of Pentecost, and ends with the Apostle John and covers about seventy years.

90-96 (2nd) Persection of Christians under Emperor Domitian.
100 Death [31] of St. John the Theologian in Ephesus.

Close of the Apostolic Age

Second Century (101-200) the sub-Apostolic Age

More commonly referred to as the "sub-Apostolic age", begins and ends with the second century.

  • 105 Plutarch, bishop of Byzantium (Constantinople)
  • 107 c, Symeon the Zealot (Luke 6:15 and Acts 1:13), 2nd bishop of Jerusalem, is crucified [32] at the age of 120, location disputed; c, Ignatius, 3rd bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome (or c, 115).
108-124 (3rd) Persection of Christians under Emperor Trajan and continuing under Emperor Hadrian.
  • c.120 Martyrdom of Eleutherios, Bp. of Illyria, and his mother Anthia, December 15.
  • c.130 Death of Apostle Quadratus, of the Seventy; Papias, bishop of Heriopolis and apostolic father.
  • 138 Telephorus, bishop of Rome, the only 2nd-century pope who's martyrdom is historically verifiable.
  • 155 Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred by being burned to death in the arena in Smyrna.Format:Citation
  • 160 Marcian, heretic, dies.
  • 165 Valentium, Gnostic heretic, dies; Justin Martyr and disciples denounced as Christian, scourged and beheaded for refusing to sacrifice; Peregrinus Proteus becomes Christian and leader of a synagogue, then takes up the life of a Cynic. He ends his life by burning himself on a pyre at the Olympiad of 165 in Athens.
177-180 (4th) Persecutions of Christians under Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180).
  • 177 Pothinus, bishop of Lyons, Blandina, Ponticus at others martyr in Lyons dying in the "odor of sanctity".
  • 180 Dyfan of Merthyr first martyr in British Isles, May 14; The twelve Scillitan Martyrs [33] executed in Scillium of North Africa the earliest documented martyrdom of the Church of Africa, July 17; Marcus Aurelius dies of plague.
  • 190 Melito, bishop of Sardis, dies.
  • c.200-202 Irenaeus of Lyons dies, possibly martyrdom.


Secolul al III-lea (201-300)

202-211 (Cea de-a V-a) Persecuţie a creştinilor sub împăratul Septimiu Severus (193-211)
235-238 (Cea de-a VI-a) Persecuţie a creştinilor sub împăratul Maximinus Thrax.
249-251 (Cea de-a VII-a) Persecuţie a creştinilor sub împăratul Decius.
  • 249 c, Hristofor din Licia Mărturisitorul, Cynocephalus, mucenic în 9 mai.
  • 250 c, Fabian, Episcopul Romei, este arestat şi moare ca mucenic, probabil din cauza tratamentului din închisoare; Vavila, Episcop al Antiohiei, moare în închisoare în timpul persecuţiilor lui Decius; Alexandru, episcop al Ierusalimului moare în închisoare în timpul persecuţiilor lui Decius; Mucenicia lui Hristofor din Licia; Mucenicia lui Ciprian şi Iustina la Nicomidia; Mucenicul sfinţit Leonid, Episcop al Atenei.
  • 251 c, Agata, moare ca mucenică în Sicilia în 5 februarie; Isidor şi Mirope suferă moarte mucenicească în Chios în 2 decembrie.
  • 254 Origen moare în Tyre ca urmare a întemniţării din timpul persecuţiilor lui Decian.
257-260 (Cea de-a VIII-a) Persecuţie a creştinilor sub împăratul Valerian (253-260).
  • 257 Ştefan, episcop al Romei, moare, probabil ca mucenic; Novatian suferă moarte mucenicească în timpul persecuţiilor lui Valerian.
  • 258 Xystus al II-lea, episcopul Romei suferă moarte mucenicească; Ciprian al Cartaginei moare ca mucenic în 14 septembrie.
  • 265 Dionis, episcop al Alexandrei moare.
  • 268 Gallienus este asasinat.
  • 270 Moare Plotinus; Claudiu al II-lea moare de ciumă; Trece la Domnul Grigorie Tămăduitorul, fondatorul Bisericii din Cappadocia.
  • 275 Aurelian este asasinat.
  • 276 Tacit este asasinat.
  • 281 Prob este asasinat.
  • 283 Mucenicii-feciorelnici, soţ şi soţie Hrisant şi Daria primesc moarte mucenicească în 19 martie.
  • 284 Mucenicia lui Cosma şi Damian, Andrei Stratilat şi 2,593 soldaţi împreună cu el în Cilicia.
  • 286 Mucenicii Timotei şi Mavra.
  • 290 Anastasia Pharmakolitria care a primit mucenicie prin foc în Sirmium, în 22 decembrie.

Secolul al IV-lea (301-400)

  • 302 Cei 20,000 de mucenici arşi în Nicomidia, printre care şi Glyceriu, Zeno, Teofil, Doroteu, Mardoniu, Migdoniu, Indes, Gorgoniu, Petru, Eutimiu şi fecioarele Agape, Domna, Teofila şi alţii, în 10 ianuarie.
303-311 (Cea de-a X-a) Persecuţie a creştinilor sub împăratul Diocleţian, numită şi Marea persecuţie
310-379 (11th) Persecution of Christians under Persian King Shapur II
Unknown dates:

Fifth century (401-500)

Unknown dates:

Sixth centuy (501-600)

Unknown dates 6th-century

Seventh century (601-700)

Unknown 7th-century dates:

Eighth century (701-800)

Nineth century (801-900)

Tenth century (901-1000)

Eleventh century (1001-1100)

Twelfth century (1101-1200)

  • 1102 Metr. Nikolai of Kiev
  • 1121 Metr. Nikifor I of Kiev
  • 1126 Metr. Nikita of Kiev
  • 1145 Metr. Michael II of Kiev
  • 1158 Metr. Constantine, of Kiev, June 5
  • 1163 Metr. Feodor of Kiev
  • 1166 Metr. Ivan IV of Kiev
  • 1177 Metr. Konstantin II of Kiev
  • 1198 Metr. Nikifor II of Kiev

Thirteenth century (1201-1300)

  • Unknown dates:

Fourteenth century (1301-1400)

Fifteenth century (1401-1500)

Sixteenth century (1501-1600)

Seventeenth century (1601-1700)

Format:Saints17

Eighteenth century (1701-1800)

Nineteenth century (1801-1900)

Twentieth century (1901-2000)

Format:Saints20

Twentyfirst century (2001-Present)

Vezi şi

Note

  1. ↑ Sfântul Ioachim şi Ana aduc daruri în templul Domnului din Ierusalim de sărbătoarea anuală a Sfinţirii(Hanukkah) şi Sărbătorii Luminilor (cf. Macabei 4:52-59; 2 Macabei 10:5).
  2. ↑ Sfântul Ioachim a trăit 80 de ani iar Ana 79. Ei au mai trăit în jur de şapte ani după ce Maria a fost încredinţată templului, astfel încât Maica Domnului avea în jur de zece ani la moartea lor.
  3. ↑ Folclorul european a păstrat numele magilor ca fiind Baltazar, Melchior şi Gaspar (sau Caspar)
  4. ↑ "Cartea albinei" siriană sugerează că numele păstorilor care au fost la Naşterea Domnului sunt Aşer, Zabulon, Iust, Nicodim, Iosif, Barşaba şi Jose?.
  5. ↑ The apocryphal account, "The History of Joseph", a 4th century document the last years of Joseph's life. According to St. Epiphanios of Cyprus (c315-403), the Elder Joseph lived to a profound old age, having entered into rest at the age of one hundred and ten years old. He reposed just before Christ entered His public ministry to preach the Gospel
  6. ↑ The Ministry of St. John the Baptist begins in the "15th year of Tiberius" (Luke 3:1-2). He preaches, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matt 3:1-2) and baptising Christ in the Jordan (Mark 1:4-11)
  7. ↑ The three year ministry of Christ includes the appointment of the Twelve Apostles, Sermon on the Mount, miracles, transfiguration, etc
  8. ↑ The execution of Saint John the Baptist has been recorded in "Antiquitates Judaicae" in Latin published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephhus about 93 or 94 AD, 18.5.2
  9. ↑ 30AD is thought to be the most accurate dating of the death, resurrection and Pentecost amongst academics and has been used for this article in lieu of 33AD.
  10. ↑ At the time of her death tradition states she was in her early fifties.
  11. ↑ Gamaliel is celebrated as a Pharisee doctor of Jewish Law, who was the teacher of Apostle Paul; the author of the Book of Acts portrays Gamaliel with great respect (Acts 5:34, 22:3)
  12. ↑ Apostle Andrew is traditionally thought to have been martyred in Achaia at Patras by cruxifixion.
  13. ↑ The death of James the Just is also recorded in "Antiquitates Judaicae" published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, 20.9.1
  14. ↑ Source: w:First Martyrs of the Church of Rome
  15. ↑ Noble Roman ladies, disciples of the Apostles Paul and Peter, whose bodies they buried. They were martyred under Nero.
  16. ↑ A virgin martyred in Terni in Italy at the same time as Bishop Valentine.
  17. ↑ The first bishop of Rome. A disciple of the Apostle Paul, he was one of the Seventy and is mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:21. He was bishop for twelve years and is venerated as a martyr.
  18. ↑ An aged woman who welcomed the Apostle Peter in Naples and was miraculously healed by him. In her turn she convered St. Aspren who became the first Bishop of Naples.
  19. ↑ A matron from Rome baptised by the Apostle Peter who converted her husband and her son, St. Nazarius. Her relics are enshrined in Milan and Cremona in Italy.
  20. ↑ The slave who ran away from his master Philemon and was converted by St. Paul in Rome and was the occasion of the Apostle's letter to Philemon.
  21. ↑ By tradition he was consecrated first Bishop of Catania in Sicily by the Apostle Peter, with whom he had travelled from Antioch. He reposed in extreme old age.
  22. ↑ By tradition ordained by the Apostle Peter as first pastor of Fiesole, he was martyred with several companions under Domitian
  23. ↑ By tradition he was a priest martyred in Rome, perhaps under Domitian.
  24. ↑ The disciple that St. Paul greets in Romans 16:13.
  25. ↑ By tradition, a Galilean and the first bishop, and also martyr, of the Abruzzi in Italy.
  26. ↑ Brother of the Emperor Vespasian and uncle of Titus and Domitian, whose niece, Flavia Domitilla, he married. In 95AD he held a consular office together with Domitian. The following year Domitian beheaded him for the Christian faith.
  27. ↑ The date is uncertain. Early sources noted that he died a natural death, perhaps in Greece. A tradition dated from the ninth century tells of his martyrdom in Crimea in 102 by drowning when thrown overboard from a boat with a ship’s anchor tied to him.
  28. ↑ They belonged to the circle of Flavia Domitilla, whome they accompanied in exile to the island of Ponza. Eventually they retured to Rome and were martyred under Trajan.
  29. ↑ Pretorian soldiers, by tradition baptised by the Apostle Peter, and exiled with Flavia Domitilla to Pontia and later to Terracina in Italy
  30. ↑ A missionary in Spain in the Apostolic Age
  31. ↑ Account of the miracle that occured at his grave: When over 100 years old, St. John took seven disciples outside of Ephesus and had them dig a grave in the shape of a cross. St. John then went into the grave, and the disciples buried him there, alive. Later on, when his grave was opened, St. John’s body was not there. ‘On May 8 of each year, dust rises up from his grave, by which the sick are healed of various diseases.’
  32. ↑ The crucifixion of Symeon possibly includes Jewish involvement: From Eusebius' Church History 3.32.4: "And the same writer says that his accusers also, when search was made for the descendants of David, were arrested as belonging to that family." Sidenote 879: "This is a peculiar statement. Members of the house of David would hardly have ventured to accuse Symeon on the ground that he belonged to that house. The statement is, however, quite indefinite. We are not told what happened to these accusers, nor indeed that they really were of David’s line, although the ὡσ€ν with which Eusebius introduces the charge does not imply any doubt in his own mind, as Lightfoot quite rightly remarks. It is possible that some who were of the line of David may have accused Symeon, not of being a member of that family, but only of being a Christian, and that the report of the occurrence may have become afterward confused."
  33. ↑ The account of Scillitan Martyrs is based on trial records, though it has been embellished with miraculous and apocryphal material.
  34. ↑ Famous for how many children he had
  35. ↑ Saint Cloud was ordained a priest by Bishop Eusebius of Paris in 551.
  36. ↑ It is implied that Caedmon lived at Streonæshalch during Hilda’s abbacy (657–680). Book IV Chapter 25 of the Historia ecclesiastica appears to suggest that Cædmon’s death occurred at about the same time as the fire at Coldingham Abbey, an event dated in the E-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to 679, but after 681 by Bede.
  37. ↑ Saint Anastasius of Sinai should not be confused with Saint Anastasius I of Antioch also called Anastasius of Sinai and venerated on the same day. They lived in separate centuries.
  38. ↑ Andrew of Crete: Church historians are divided on the date of his death. Some suggest 712 and others 726.
  39. ↑ Basil the Confessor is not to be confused with Basil the Confessor the companion of the venerable Procopius at Decapolis who is commemorated February 28.
  40. ↑ Barlaam of the Kiev Caves was glorified in the 11th century.
  41. ↑ Anthony of the Kiev Caves was glorified in the 11th century.
  42. ↑ Saint Alexander Nevsky was recognised as a saint by the Church of Russia in 1547.
  43. ↑ St. Daniel the Hermit was officially glorified by the Synod of the Church of Romania in 1992.
  44. ↑ Artemius of Verkola was a twelve year old struck by lightning in a field. His relics were taken to the church of St. Nicholas in 1577,
  45. ↑ St. Cornelius of the Pskov Caves martyrdom is recorded in the old manuscripts of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra
  46. ↑ According to the synaxarion of the Ormylia monastery, Athanasius of Brest-Litovsk was decapitated by the Polish-Lithuanian government persecutors and his corpse thrown into a pit. It was found some time later incorrupt.
  47. ↑ The relics of Athanasius of Attalia are buried in the church of St. Paraskevi in Smyrna.
  48. ↑ Metr. Antimos of Iberia glorified by Church of Romania in 1992 and later by Church of Georgia.
  49. ↑ Saint Innocent of Irkutsk (1680-1731) is the first bishop of Irkutsk in central Siberia.
  50. ↑ Athanasius studied under Athanasius Paros in Thessaloniki and became a monk. Not willing to convert to the Islamic faith, he was hung and buried near the Church of St. Paraskeve
  51. ↑ St. Kosmas of Aetolia (b. Aetolia, Greece 1714-1779) is a prophet, New Hieromartyr and Equal to the Apostles
  52. ↑ Saint Ambrose of Optina was canonised in 1988 by the local council of the Russian Orthodox Church

Further Reading

Sources and literature relating to the Apostolic Age
  • The Canonical books of the New Testament;
  • The post-Apostolic and Patristic writings;
  • Apocryphal and Heretical literature;
  • Jewish Sources such as:
    • The "Acts of the Martyrs." Cross, F.L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University press. 2005.
Accredited Orthodox historians
  • Father John Meyendorff:
    • "The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church"
    • "Rome-Constantinople-Moscow Historical and Theological Studies"
List of Orthodox Saints
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