Biserica Ortodoxă a Georgiei

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Biserica Georgiei este una din cele mai vechi Biserici creștine. Conform tradiției, ea își are originile în propovăduirea Sfântului Apostol Andrei din primul secol al erei creștine. Din punct de vedere istoric, adoptarea creștinismului de către regatul Georgiei (Iberiei sau Iviriei) s-a făcut în timpul și prin propovăduirea Sfintei Nina din Cappadocia, la începutul secolului al IV-lea. Inițial, Biserica Georgiei făcea parte din jurisdicția Patriarhiei Antiohiei, care îi acordă autocefalia în anul 466. Deși a avut mult de suferit în timpul invaziilor diferitelor triburi tătare din secolele al XIII-lea și al XV-lea, Biserica autocefală a Georgiei a supraviețuit până în anul 1811, când a fost pusă de către autoritatea țaristă sub administrarea Sinodului Bisericii Rusiei. După abdicarea țarului Nicolae al II-lea după revoluția din februarie 1917, ierarhii georgieni au restabilit autocefalia Bisericii lor, care a fost în cele din urmă recunoscută de Constantinopol și de Biserica Ortodoxă Rusă.

Biserica Ortodoxă a Georgiei Patriarhia Georgiei
Întemeietor(i)	Apostolul Andrei, Simon Canaanitul
Autocefalie/Autonomie declarată	Antiohia, în 486 ; Rusia, în 1917
Autocefalie/Autonomie recunoscută	486, şi din nou în 1990
Primatul actual	Patr. Ilia II
Sediu	Tbilisi, Georgia
Teritoriu principal	Georgia, Armenia
Posesiuni în afară	Marea Britanie, Europa Occidentală, Turcia, Azerbaidjan
Limbă liturgică	Georgiană
Tradiție muzicală	Cântarea Georgiană
Calendar	Calendarul iulian
Populație estimată	3,500,000
Site oficial	Biserica Georgiei

Ancient origins

According to tradition the Apostle Andrew, the First Called, preached in Georgia in the first century. Tradition relates that he came with the Holy Mother's Uncreated Icon, that is the icon of the Theotokos not made by human hands. This tradition introduced a deep affection for the Theotokos into Georgian conscientiousness. Additionally, tradition speaks to preaching by other apostles in Georgia including Simon the Canaanite, Matthias, Bartholomew, and Thaddeus. The establishment of the first Georgian eparchy (diocese) was also credited to the Apostle Andrew.

The active history of Christianity in Georgia begins with the missionary activities of Nino of Cappadocia beginning in 303. By 317 her message reached the rulers of the eastern and western kingdoms of Georgia when King Miriam II of Iberia (Eastern Georgia) and Queen Nana of Western Georgia adopted Christianity as the state religion. The Christianization of Georgia progressed over the next several centuries.

As part of the late Roman (Byzantine) Empire Georgian Christianity was heavily influenced by its form of practice. Initially, the churches in Georgia were part of the Apostolic See of Antioch. The Church of Georgia became autocephalous when the Patriarch of Antioch elevated the bishop of Mtskheta to the honor of Catholicos of Kastli in 466, an elevation recognized by the rest of the Church. Subsequently, the Catholicos was given the added title of Patriarch in 1010, making the title of the primate of the Georgian Church the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.

The invasions of the tartars in the 13th and 15th centuries greatly disrupted Christianity and the government of Georgia. The state as well as the church were divided into two separate parts, in which the churches were governed by two separate Catholicos-Patriarchs. In 1801, Eastern Georgia, that is Kartli-Kakheti, was annexed by the Czar of Russia. By 1811, the Church in Georgia was absorbed into the Synodal Church of Russia, ending autocephaly for the Georgian church.

Recent history

As the Russian Empire began to dissolve after the abdication of Czar Nicholas II following the 1917 February Revolution, the Georgian hierarchs unilaterally announced restoration of autocephaly. While not accepted by the Church of Russia, the Soviet forces went further, regarding all Orthodox in Soviet territory to be subjected to their rule. Thus, the Church in Georgia was harassed and churches and other church activities were closed. Clergy, monks, and Christians in general were killed in the ensuing purges of the next several decades.

With recognition of the Orthodox Church by Stalin after the 1941 Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, to gain support of the Church for repulsing the invasion, the autocephaly of the Church of Georgia was recognized in 1943 by the Church of Russia. Then, in 1989, autocephaly was recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople, thus approving the de facto autocephaly exercised since the fifth century.

Organization

With the downfall of the Soviet Union and the resulting independence of the country of Georgia, a great revival has taken place for the Church of Georgia. As of 2002, more than eighty percent of the population of Georgia has identified themselves as Orthodox Christians. The church itself was organized into 33 dioceses, with 512 churches. The church in Georgia of some 3.5 million people was served by 730 priests.

Primatial title

The full title of the primate of the Church of Georgia is: "His Holiness and Beatitude, Catholicos-Patriarch of all Georgia, Archbishop of Mtskheta and Tbilisi" (Georgian: უწმიდესი დ�? უნეტ�?რესი, სრული�?დ ს�?ქ�?რთველ�?ს კ�?თ�?ლიკ�?ს-პ�?ტრი�?რქი, მცხეთ�?-თბილისის მთ�?ვ�?რეპისკ�?პ�?სი)

Recent Catholicos-Patriarchs of All Georgia

• Kirion II - (1917-1918)
• Leonide - (1918-1921)
• Ambrosi - (1921-1927)
• Christefore III - (1927-1932)
• Kalistrare - (1932-1952)
• Melkisedek III - (1952-1960)
• Eprem II - (1960-1072)
• David V - (1972-1977)
• Ilia II - (1977 to present)—

Eparhii în Biserica Georgiei

• Eparhii de pe teritoriul Georgiei
  • Episcopia de Mtskheta şi Tbilisi
  • Episcopia de Alaverdi
  • Episcopia de Akhalkalaki şi Kumurdo
  • Episcopia de Batumi şi Skhalta
  • Episcopia de Bodbe
  • Episcopia de Bolnisi
  • Episcopia de Borjomi şi Bakuriani
  • Episcopia de Chiatura
  • Episcopia de Chqondidi
  • Episcopia de Dmanisi
  • Episcopia de Khoni şi Samtredia
  • Episcopia de Kutais-Gaenati
  • Episcopia de Manglisi şi Tsalka
  • Episcopia de Margveti şi Ubisa
  • Episcopia de Mestia şi Svaneti
  • Episcopia de Nikortsminda
  • Episcopia de Nikozi şi Tskhinvali
  • Episcopia de Poti şi Khobi
  • Episcopia de Rustavi şi Marneuli
  • Episcopia de Samtavisi şi Gori
  • Episcopia de Senaki şi Chkhorotsqu
  • Episcopia de Shemokmedi
  • Episcopia de Stephantsminda şi Khevi
  • Episcopia de Tsageri şi Lentekhi
  • Episcopia de Tsilkani şi Dusheti
  • Episcopia de Tskhum-Apkhazeti
  • Episcopia de Urbnisi şi Ruisi
  • Episcopia de Vani şi Bagdati
  • Episcopia de Zugdidi and Tsaishi
• Eparhii parțial în afara teritoriului Georgiei
  • Episcopia de Akhaltsikhe, Tao-Klarjeti şi Lazeti (partly in Turkey)
  • Episcopia de Nekresi şi Hereti (partly in Azerbaijan)
• Eparhii în afara teritoriului Georgiei
  • Episcopia de Agaraki şi Tashiri (Armenia)
  • Episcopia pentru Europa de Vest (Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria)

External links

• Website of the Church of Georgia
• Wikipedia:Church of Georgia