Heraclie

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Heraclie (latină: Flavius Heraclius Augustus; greacă: Ἡράκλειος Hērakleios) a fost împărat al imperiului Roman (Bizantin) între 5 octombrie 610 şi 11 februarie 641, cunoscut în istorie şi ca Heraclius I. Heraclie a reorganizat conducerea imperiului, după decăderea suferită sub predecesorii săi la tron şi a reuşit să redobândească de la perşi teritoriile pierdute anterior. A fost întemeietorul dinastiei Heracliene.

A încercat să încurajeze reunificarea dintre creştinii ortodocşi şi monofiziţi, prin promovarea unei dogme de compromis, numită monothelitism. Deasemenea, a schimbat limba oficială a imperiului din latină în greacă.

Viaţa

Heraclie s-a născut în jurul anului 575, fiind fiul lui Heraclius cel Bătrân, exarhul Africii, un distins general din timpul împăratului Mauricius. Locul naşterii lui Heraclie nu este cunoscut.

În anul 602, Heraclius cel Bătrân, după ce împăratul Mauricius a fost detronat de către armată, şi-a declarat supunerea către noul împărat, Focas. După şase ani, în 608, Heraclius cel Bătrân a renunţat la această supunere şi, împreună cu fiul său Heraclie, a început o campanie militară pentru a obţine conducerea imperiului. În anul 609, tânărul Heraclie a condus o expediţie navală la Constantinopol, cucerind cetatea cu sprijinul gărzii imperiale a lui Focas şi a unora dintre aristocraţi. După ce Focas a fost prins, a fost executat personal de către Heraclie.

Pe 5 octombrie 610, Heraclie a fost încoronat, odată cu soţia sa Fabia, care şi-a luat numele de Eudoxia. După moartea Eudoxiei (în 612), Heraclie s-a căsătorit cu nepoata sa Martina (în 613). Considerată a fi incestuasă, această căsătorie a fost foarte nepopulară.

The revolt led by Phocas had seriously weakened the Balkan and Persian frontiers, resulting in the advance of the Persians under Chosroes II into Syria. The Persians took Damascus in 613, Jerusalem in 614, and advanced into Anatolia as far as Chalcedon. Heraclius considered moving the capital to Carthage, but he was dissuaded by Patriarch Sergius I. He began reorganized the Roman army as part of his general reorganization efforts. Heraclius then led the reorganized army back into Persia in late 627. In December 627, the Roman army won a devastating victory over the Persians at a battle at Nineveh.

The population of the provinces recovered from the Persians were followers of the Monophysite heresy, To strengthen his government, Heraclius led an attempt at religious unity by proposing a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism. The compromise was formulated by Patriarch Sergius. Initially, Sergius proposed that Christ did all things through action of a single divine-human energy, in a single mode of activity (energeia), but Sophronius, later patriarch of Jerusalem, objected. Sergius then adopting a term "one will" (mia thelesis) used by Pope Honorius in an earlier letter to him. This formula was used in the Ecthesis drawn up by Sergius and promulgated by Heraclius in 638. Initially accepted by the bishops in Constantinople, it fell into disfavor with the rejection of formula by the successors of Honorius. This compromise remained an issue through Heraclius' successions and was finally settled by the Sixth Ecumenical Council in 680. The decision of the Council was the anathematizing of the leaders of the Monothelite formula, including the dead Pope Honorius, and reaffirming the Chalcedonian definition.

In 629, Heraclius took the Greek title basileus in place of the former Latin tile of augustus as part of the shift in the language of government from Latin to Greek. Basilius would remain the title of the Roman emperors until the end of the empire.

To improve the defensive organization in Anatolia, Heraclius introduced the concept of themata, a hereditary military service based on land grants to divisions of soldiers who were governed under military administration with each theme commanded by a military governor (strategos).

In the 630s, the Arab tribes, unified under Muhammad, became a formidable force that attacked Syria and Palestine. Heraclius had to depend upon his generals for the defense against these attacks as he had become ill after his triumph over the Persians and could not personally lead his army. In this his generals failed him. Palestine and Syria were attacked in 634. In 636, the larger Roman force was crushed in the Battle of Yarmuk, and by 639 Syria and Palestine were lost. At the time of his death, most of Egypt was under the control of the Muslim Arabs.

Heraclius died in Constantinople on February 11, 641. He was succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.

Family

Between his two wives, Heraclius sired at least twelve children. Of these, two from his second marriage to Martina are known to be handicapped, seen at the time as punishment for his illegal marriage. He had at least one illegitimate son, Atalarichos. Atalarichos participated in a plot with his cousin the magister Theodorus and an Armenian noble Davis Saharuni against Heraclius. After the plot failed in 637 Atalarichos was mutilated and exiled. When Heraclius learned in his last years of life of the struggle between his son Heraclius Constantine and his wife Martina in which she was trying to position her son Heraklonas in line to the throne, Heraclius wrote his will making both Heraclius Constantine and Heraklonas his joint successors with Martina as Empress.

His children by Fabia Edoxia:

Eudoxia Epiphania, Augusta.

Heraclius Constantine (Constantine III).

His children by Martina:

Fabius, who was paralyzed.

Theodosios, a deaf-mute, who married Nike, the daughter of the Persian general Shahrbaraz.

Constantine.

Constantine Heraclius (Heraklonas).

David (Tiberios), Caesar.

Martinos or Marinos.

Augoustina, Augusta.

Anastasia and/or Martina, Augusta.

Febronia.

Casetă de succesiune: Heraclie
Precedat de: Phocas	Roman (Byzantine) Emperor 610-641	Urmat de: Constantine III and Heraklonas

Legături externe

• w:Heraclius
• Heraclius