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Donatism

2.928 de octeți șterși, 18 noiembrie 2013 14:26
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{{Traducere EN}}'''Donatismul''' a fost o controversă care a apărut în Biserica Ortodoxă la începutul secolului al IV-lea. Această controversă a dus la o [[schismă]] care mai târziu a fost condamnată ca [[erezie]]. În principal, controversa a privit o sectă extremistă, ascetică din biserica apuseană, răspândită mai ales în provincia romană Africa. Controversa s-a referit la un singur subiect care a apărut în urma persecuţiilor de la începutul secolului al IV-lea şi se referea la cum ar trebui primiţi înapoi în biserică cei care renunţau la credinţă în timpul persecuţiilor, în special [[cler]]ul care renunţa la credinţă. Doctrina nu a fost direct implicată, dar donatiștii considerau, între altele, că validitatea şi eficienţa Sfintelor Taine depind de vrednicia morală a săvârşitorilor Tainelor.
'''Donatism''' was a controversy that arose within the Orthodox Church during the early fourth century==Istoric==Originile schismei au apărut datorită dezacordurilor dintre membrii unei secte, numiţi ulterior donatişti, şi membrii Bisericii Ortodoxe. The controversy resulted in a Împăratul [[schismDiocleţian]] that later was condemned as a [[heresy]]iniţiat o serie de persecuţii împotriva creştinilor în timpul domniei sale de la sfârşitul secolului al III-lea şi începutul secolului al IV-lea, în special în anii 302 şi 305. El îi acuza pe creştini că ar fi vinovaţi de molimele şi ciumele care s-au năpustit peste imperiul apusean cauzând instabilitate socială şi economică. Persecuţiile au fost foarte aspre cu precădere în nordul roman al Africii, în jurul Cartaginei. Acei creştini care renunţau la credinţa creştină şi distrugeau scrierile creştine sfinte şi apoi se închinau cultului divin imperial şi zeilor oficiali ai statului roman erau eliberaţi. The controversy was largely an issue with actions of an asceticAceia care nu renunţau la credinţa creştină erau întemniţaţi şi, extremest sect in the western Churchde obicei, confined mostly to the Roman province of Africaomorâţi. The controversy centered on a single issue arising out of the persecutions of the early fourth centuryDeoarece posesia de literatură creştină era adesea felul în care se stabilea dacă cineva este creştin, membrii clerului erau dintre cei mai vulnerabili la persecuţii. That was how should those who lapsed during the persecutions be accepted back into the Church, especially lapsed În timp ce mulţi au suferit moarte [[clergymucenic]]. Doctrine was not involvedească, mulţi alţii au renunţat la credinţă.
==History==The origins of the schism resulted from the disagreement between members of the sect, later called Donatists, and other members of the Orthodox Church. The Emperor Odată cu moartea lui Diocleţian în 305 şi cu promulgarea [[Edictul de la Milano|Edictului de la Milano]] în 313 de către [[DiocletianConstantin cel Mare]]s-au încheiat şi persecuţiile. Odată cu pacea care a venit asupra Bisericii, during his rule of the late third and early fourth centuriesa apărut şi problema împăcării cu cei care renunţaseră la credinţă şi care acum doreau să se reîntoarcă în Biserică, instituted persecutions, particularly those of 302 to 305 that centered on Christiansîn special clerul. He blamed them for the plagues and pestilences that swept western empire that caused economic and social instability. These persecutions were most intense in Roman north AfricaÎn timp ce Biserica a urmat, around Carthage. Those Christians who lapsedîn general, that is made offerings to the Imperial divine cult and Roman state gods and destroyed their sacred Christian writingsun drum al ispăşirii şi iertării, were spared by the government. Those who did not were imprisoned and usually killedîn Africa a apărut un sentiment al purităţii ascetice. As possession of Christian literature was often the factor used to determine who was Membrii acestei secte a Christian“purităţii” au fost foarte puternic împotriva celor care renunţaseră la credinţă, numindu-i pe aceştia ''trădători'', the members of the [[clergy]] were among those most vulnerable to persecutioncreştini care trădaseră alţi creştini. While many were [[martyr]]ed, many had lapsedMembrii sectei nu au acceptat nici un fel de pocăinţă din partea celor care erau consideraţi trădători şi nu i-au primit pe aceştia înapoi în Biserică.
With the death of Diocletian in 305 and Subiectul a atins apogeul în 311 când Cecilian (Caecilian) a fost hirotonit episcop de Cartagina. Hirotonirea lui era contestată de mulţi cartaginezi deoarece unul din cei trei [[Constantine the Greatepiscop]]’s declaration of the i care l-au hirotonit pe Cecilian, şi anume Felix, episcop de Aptunga (Aftonga), predase copiile Scripturilor către romani şi era considerat un trădător. Un [[Edict of Milansinod]] in 313, the persecutions endedulterior format din şaptezeci de episcopi “purişti” au oficializat disputa şi au declarat hirotonirea lui Cecilian ca fiind invalidă. As peace came to the ChurchApoi, the Church had to face reconciliation of those who had lapsed and wished to return to the Churchl-au ales pe Majorinus ca episcop (antiepiscop), particularly among the clergycare a denunţat “colaboratorii cu romanii” şi a refuzat să se împace cu [[cler]]ul care renunţase la credinţă. While the ChurchDupă moartea sa din 315, in generalschismaticii l-au ales pe [[Donatus Magnus|Donatus]] de Casae Nigrae, followed the course of penance and forgivenessun creştin berber, in Africa a strong sense of ascetic purity aroseca episcop de Cartagina. The members of this “purity” sect expressed strong feelings against those who had lapsedÎn lunga sa păstorire, referring to them as ''traditors''el a devenit purtătorul de cuvânt al sectei, Christians who had betrayed other Christians. The sect members would not accept any repentance by those whom they considered too be traditors and were not fit for further membership in the Churchpână acolo încât numele său a devenit numele sectei - donatiştii.
The issue came to Pe lângă practicile lor ascetice şi de puritate extremă, şi obiceiul de a head in 311, Caecilian was consecrated bishop of Carthage. His consecration was disputed by many Carthaginians because one of the three consecrating -i reboteza pe creştini era ofensator pentru [[bishopBiserica Ortodoxă]]s, Felix, bishop of Aptunga, had surrendered copies of the Scriptures to Roman persecutors and was considered a traditor. A subsequent council of some seventy “purist” bishops formalized the dispute and declared Caecilian’s consecration invalid. They then elected as bishop MajorinusÎn timp ce biserica oficială accepta clerul apostaziat din nou la slujire după o perioadă de pocăinţă, who had denounced “Roman collaborators” and refused to reconcile clergy who had lapseddonatiştii au declarat că aceştia nu puteau slujii tainele. After he died in 315Practicile sectei au fost condamnate la [[sinod]]ul ortodox din Arles în 314 şi de către împărat, the schismatics elected de [[Donatus MagnusConstantin cel Mare|DonatusConstantin I]] of Casae Nigrae, a Berber Christian, as bishop of Carthage. In his long tenure (315 to 355) he became the spokesman for the sect and lent his name as the identity for the schismaticsÎn 316, the Donatistsdonatiştii şi-au înfiinţat propria [[ierarhie]] şi s-au separat de Biserică.
In addition to their practice of aesthetic and extreme puritySchisma donatistă a crescut până în 350, the sect’s practice of redepăşindu-baptizing lapsed Christians was offensive to the Orthodoxi numeric pe ortodocşii din Africa de Nord. While the established church would accept lapsed clergy back to serve after a period of penanceFiecare oraş avea doi episcopi, the Donastists declared that they were ineligible to perform the sacramentsunul ortodox şi unul donatist. The sect’s practices were condemned at the Orthodox [[Synod]] of Arles in 314 and by the emperor, Fluxul nu s-a întors împotriva donatiştilor decât în secolul al V-lea când Sfântul [[Constantine the GreatAugustin de Hipona|Constantine IAugustin]]a atacat puternic poziţia donatiştilor în scrierile sale şi în disputele cu episcopii donatişti. In 316Apoi, mişcarea donatistă a regresat puternic, iar după cucerirea musulmană din secolul al VII-lea, the Donatists formed their own [[hierarchy]] and split from the Churcha dispărut complet.
The Donatists schism grew untilAtitudinea Ortodoxiei faţă de donatism o formulează clar sfântul [[Simeon al Tesalonicului]](† 1429) care, by 350în ''Tratatul despre Simboalele de credinţă ortodoxe'', they outnumbered the Orthodox in north Africaspune: “[[Duhul Sfânt]] nu hirotoneşte pe toţi cu voinţa Sa, dar lucrează prin toţi. Each city had both an Orthodox and a Donatist bishop. The tide did not turn against the Donatists until the fifth century when St. Cel ce nu s-a hirotonit după pravilă, [[arhiereu]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinepreot]] in his writings and debates with Donatist bishops in Carthage strongly challenged their position. The Donatist movement then waned greatlysau cleric, darul lui Dumnezeu lucrează printr-însul în virtutea [[hirotonie]]i, pentru credinţa şi mântuirea celor ce vin la el, care primesc darul sfinţirii întru credinţă, adică cei hirotoniţi sunt sfinţiţi, cei legaţi sau dezlegaţi de păcate sunt legaţi şi dezlegaţi, şi Tainele sunt Taine, căci nu lucrează omul, ci darul ca printr-un organ; dar vai de acel organ, de va lucra cu nevrednicie, potrivnic voinţei lui Dumnezeu, şi vai de omul care batjocoreşte toate acestea” (IX, and they completely disappeared under the force of the Muslim conquests of the seventh century.10-13)
==External links==*[[w:Donatist]] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05121a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Donatism]*[http://www.earlychristianhistory.net/donatus.html Early Christian History: Donatism]*[http://www.carm.org/heresy/donatism.htm Donatism] [[Category: Heresies]] [[el:Δονατισμός]]'''Donatism''' was a controversy that arose within the Orthodox Church during the early fourth century. The controversy resulted in a [[schism]] that later was condemned as a [[heresy]]. The controversy was largely an issue with actions of an ascetic, extremest sect in the western Church, confined mostly to the Roman province of Africa. The controversy centered on a single issue arising out of the persecutions of the early fourth century. That was how should those who lapsed during the persecutions be accepted back into the Church, especially lapsed [[clergy]]. Doctrine was not involved. ==History==The origins of the schism resulted from the disagreement between members of the sect, later called Donatists, and other members of the Orthodox Church. The Emperor [[Diocletian]], during his rule of the late third and early fourth centuries, instituted persecutions, particularly those of 302 to 305 that centered on Christians. He blamed them for the plagues and pestilences that swept western empire that caused economic and social instability. These persecutions were most intense in Roman north Africa, around Carthage. Those Christians who lapsed, that is made offerings to the Imperial divine cult and Roman state gods and destroyed their sacred Christian writings, were spared by the government. Those who did not were imprisoned and usually killed. As possession of Christian literature was often the factor used to determine who was a Christian, the members of the [[clergy]] were among those most vulnerable to persecution. While many were [[martyr]]ed, many had lapsed. With the death of Diocletian in 305 and [[Constantine the Great]]’s declaration of the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313, the persecutions ended. As peace came to the Church, the Church had to face reconciliation of those who had lapsed and wished to return to the Church, particularly among the clergy. While the Church, in general, followed the course of penance and forgiveness, in Africa a strong sense of ascetic purity arose. The members of this “purity” sect expressed strong feelings against those who had lapsed, referring to them as ''traditors'', Christians who had betrayed other Christians. The sect members would not accept any repentance by those whom they considered too be traditors and were not fit for further membership in the Church. The issue came to a head in 311, Caecilian was consecrated bishop of Carthage. His consecration was disputed by many Carthaginians because one of the three consecrating [[bishop]]s, Felix, bishop of Aptunga, had surrendered copies of the Scriptures to Roman persecutors and was considered a traditor. A subsequent council of some seventy “purist” bishops formalized the dispute and declared Caecilian’s consecration invalid. They then elected as bishop Majorinus, who had denounced “Roman collaborators” and refused to reconcile clergy who had lapsed. After he died in 315, the schismatics elected [[Donatus Magnus|Donatus]] of Casae Nigrae, a Berber Christian, as bishop of Carthage. In his long tenure (315 to 355) he became the spokesman for the sect and lent his name as the identity for the schismatics, the Donatists.  In addition to their practice of aesthetic and extreme purity, the sect’s practice of re-baptizing lapsed Christians was offensive to the Orthodox. While the established church would accept lapsed clergy back to serve after a period of penance, the Donastists declared that they were ineligible to perform the sacraments. The sect’s practices were condemned at the Orthodox [[Synod]] of Arles in 314 and by the emperor, [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]. In 316, the Donatists formed their own [[hierarchy]] and split from the Church. The Donatists schism grew until, by 350, they outnumbered the Orthodox in north Africa. Each city had both an Orthodox and a Donatist bishop. The tide did not turn against the Donatists until the fifth century when St. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] in his writings and debates with Donatist bishops in Carthage strongly challenged their position. The Donatist movement then waned greatly, and they completely disappeared under the force of the Muslim conquests of the seventh century. ==External linksLegături externe==
*[[w:Donatist]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05121a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Donatism]
[[Categorie:Erezii]]
[[en:Donatism]]
[[el:Δονατισμός]]
Vladimir-Adrian
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Adus de la „https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Special:MobileDiff/12047...35959”

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