Puțul lui Iacov (Țara Sfântă): Diferență între versiuni

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{{Traducere EN}}[[Image:Church of Jacob's Well.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Church of Jacob's Well, within the monastery complex of Jacob' well. Nablus, 2008.]]
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{{Traducere EN}}[[Image:Church of Jacob's Well.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Biserica mănăstirii "Puțul lui Iacov", Nablus, 2008.]]
'''Puțul lui Iacov''' sau '''Fântâna lui Iacov''' sau '''Puțul din Sihar''' (în arabă <big>بئر يعقوب</big>, (''Bir Ya'qub'' sau ''Bir Ya'kub''); în greacă: Φρέαρ του Ιακώβ) is a deep well hewn of solid rock that has been associated in religious tradition with Jacob for roughly two millennia. It is situated a short distance from the [[w:Syro-Palestinian archaeology|archaeological]] site of ''Tell Balata'', which is thought to be the site of biblical [[w:Shechem|Shechem]].<ref name=Hornep50>Horne, 1856, pp. 50-51/</ref> The well currently lies within the complex of the [[Greek Orthodox]] [[monastery]] of the same name, in the city of [[w:Nablus|Nablus]] in the West Bank.<ref name=Bromileyp955>Bromiley, 1982, p. 955.</ref><ref name=Hastingsp535>Hastings and Driver, 2004, pp. 535-537.</ref>  
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'''Puțul lui Iacov''' sau '''Fântâna lui Iacov''' sau '''Puțul din Sihar''' (în arabă <big>بئر يعقوب</big>, (''Bir Ya'qub'' sau ''Bir Ya'kub''; în greacă: Φρέαρ του Ιακώβ) este un puț circular adânc, tăiat în stâncă, asociat, de circa două milenii, în tradiția religioasă cu persoana patriarhului [[Iacov (Vechiul Testament)|Iacov]]. Este situat la mică distanță de [[w:Syro-Palestinian archaeology|situl arheologic]] ''Tell Balata'', considerat a fi biblicul [[w:Shechem|Șechem]].<ref name=Hornep50>Horne, 1856, pp. 50-51/</ref> Puțul se află în prezent în incinta [[mănăstire|mănăstirii]] ortodoxe cu același nume, în orașul [[w:Nablus|Nablus]] din Cisiordania.<ref name=Bromileyp955>Bromiley, 1982, p. 955.</ref><ref name=Hastingsp535>Hastings and Driver, 2004, pp. 535-537.</ref>  
  
 
==Semnificația religioasă==
 
==Semnificația religioasă==
[[Image:St Photina.jpg|thumb|right|St. [[Photine of Samaria|Photine]] of Samaria meets Christ at the well of Jacob.]]
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[[Image:St Photina.jpg|thumb|right|Sfânta [[Fotini samarineanca]] îl întâlnește pe Hristos lângă puțul lui Iacov.]]
[[Judaism|Jewish]], Samaritan, Christian, and [[Islam|Muslim]] traditions all associate the well with Jacob.<ref name=Bromileyp955/> The well is not specifically mentioned in the [[Old Testament]]. The [[Book of Genesis]] (33:18f) states that when Jacob returned to Shechem from [[w:Paddan-aram|Paddan-aram]], he camped "before" the city and bought the land on which he pitched his tent. Biblical scholars contend that plot of land is the same one upon which Jacob's Well was constructed.<ref name=Bromileyp955/><ref name=Hastingsp535/>  
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Tradițiile iudaică, samariteană, creștină și musulmană asociază puțul cu personalitatea patriarhului Iacov.<ref name=Bromileyp955/> Acesta nu este explicit menționat în [[Vechiul Testament]]. În [[Cartea Facerii]] [http://www.bibliaortodoxa.ro/carte.php?id=25&cap=33#18 33,18f] se spune că Iacov s-a întors la Șechem de la  [[w:Paddan-aram|Paddan-aram]] ("din Mesopotamia"), s-a așezat "în faţa cetăţii" și a cumpărat un lot de pământ pe care și-a ridicat cortul. Unii specialiști în istorie biblică dispută faptul că acest lot de teren ar fi același cu cel pe care a fost construit puțul lui Iacov.<ref name=Bromileyp955/><ref name=Hastingsp535/>  
  
Jacob's Well does appear by name in the [[New Testament]]'s [[Gospel of John]] (4:5f), where it is recorded that [[Jesus]] ''"came to a city of [[w:Samaria|Samaria]], called [[w:Sychar|Sychar]], near the field which Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Jacob's well was there."''<ref name=Bromileyp955/> The Gospel of John goes on to describe a conversation between Jesus and a Samaritan woman that took place while [[Jesus]] was resting at the well.<ref name=Becchio>Becchio and Schadé, 2006. Listed under the entry for "Jacob's fountain".</ref>
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Puțul (Fântâna) lui Iacov este însă menționat explicit în [[Noul Testament]], în [[Evanghelia după Ioan]] [http://www.bibliaortodoxa.ro/carte.php?id=35&cap=4#5-30 4, 5-30], unde se spune că [[Iisus Hristos|Hristos]] ''"a venit la o cetate a [[w:Samaria|Samariei]], numită [[w:Sychar|Sihar]], aproape de locul pe care Iacov l-a dat lui Iosif, fiul său; și era acolo fântâna lui Iacov."''<ref name=Bromileyp955/> Evanghelia descrie apoi discuția care a avut loc între Iisus și o femeie samarineancă, pe când Hristos se odihnea lângă fântână. <ref name=Becchio>Becchio and Schadé, 2006. "Jacob's fountain".</ref>
  
 
==Istorie==
 
==Istorie==
The writings of [[pilgrim]]s indicate that Jacob's Well has been situated within different churches built at the same site over time.<ref name=Bromileyp955/><ref name=Hastingsp535/>  
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Scrierile unor [[pelerin]]i indică faptul că, de-a lungul timpului, Puțul lui Iacov se afla în bisericile construite succesiv în același loc. <ref name=Bromileyp955/><ref name=Hastingsp535/>  
===Epoca bizantină===
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By the 330s CE, the site had been identified as the place where Jesus held his conversation with the Samaritan woman, and was probably being used for Christian [[baptism]]s.<ref name=Pringlep258>Pringle and Leach, 1993, p. 258.</ref> By AD 384, a cruciform church was built over the site, and is mentioned in the 4th century writings of Saint Jerome.<ref name=Pringlep258/><ref name="Semplici"/> This church was most likely destroyed during the [[w:Nablus#Samaritan_revolts|Samaritan revolts]] of 484 or 529.<ref name=Pringlep258/> Subsequently rebuilt by [[Justinian I|Justinian]], this second Byzantine era church was still standing in the 720s, and possibly into the early 9th century.<ref name=Pringlep258/>  
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===Perioada bizantină===
===Epoca cruciată===
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Până în anul 330 d.Hr, acest loc a fost identificat drept cel în care Hristos a vorbit cu femeia samarineancă. Acolo creștinii obișnuiau să oficieze [[botez]]uri.<ref name=Pringlep258>Pringle and Leach, 1993, p. 258.</ref> Înainte de anul 384 d.Hr. o biserică în formă de cruce  a fost construită în acest loc înainte de anul 384 d.Hr., fiind menționată în secolul al IV-lea în scrierile Fericitului [[Ieronim]].<ref name=Pringlep258/><ref name="Semplici"/> Foarte probabil, această biserică a fost distrusă în timpul [[w:Nablus#Samaritan_revolts|Răscoalei samarinenilor]] din anul 484 sau din 529.<ref name=Pringlep258/> Reconstruită de împăratul [[Iustinian I|Iustinian]], această a doua biserică din perioada bizantină exista încă în anii 720 și, cel mai probabil, până la începutul secolului al IX-lea.<ref name=Pringlep258/>  
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===Perioada cruciată===
 
The Byzantine church was definitely in ruins by the time the Crusaders occupied Nablus in August 1099. Early 12th century accounts by pilgrims to the site speak of the well without mentioning a church.<ref name=Pringlep258/> There are later 12th century accounts of a newly built church at Jacob's Well. The first such definitive account comes from Theoderic, who writes: ''"The well ... is a half a mile distant from the city [Nablus]: it lies in front of the [[altar]] in the church built over it, in which [[nun]]s devote themselves to the service of [[God]]. This well is called the Fountain of Jacob."''<ref name=Pringlep258/> This Crusader era church was constructed in 1175, likely due to the support of [[w:Melisende of Jerusalem|Queen Melisande]], who was exiled to Nablus in 1152 where she lived until her death in 1161.<ref name=PUSH/> This church appears to have been destroyed following Saladin's victory over the Crusaders in the [[w:Battle of Hattin|Battle of Hattin]] in 1187.<ref name=Bromileyp955/><ref name=Hastingsp535/>
 
The Byzantine church was definitely in ruins by the time the Crusaders occupied Nablus in August 1099. Early 12th century accounts by pilgrims to the site speak of the well without mentioning a church.<ref name=Pringlep258/> There are later 12th century accounts of a newly built church at Jacob's Well. The first such definitive account comes from Theoderic, who writes: ''"The well ... is a half a mile distant from the city [Nablus]: it lies in front of the [[altar]] in the church built over it, in which [[nun]]s devote themselves to the service of [[God]]. This well is called the Fountain of Jacob."''<ref name=Pringlep258/> This Crusader era church was constructed in 1175, likely due to the support of [[w:Melisende of Jerusalem|Queen Melisande]], who was exiled to Nablus in 1152 where she lived until her death in 1161.<ref name=PUSH/> This church appears to have been destroyed following Saladin's victory over the Crusaders in the [[w:Battle of Hattin|Battle of Hattin]] in 1187.<ref name=Bromileyp955/><ref name=Hastingsp535/>
 
===Epoca otomană===
 
===Epoca otomană===
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==Descriere și localizare==
 
==Descriere și localizare==
[[Image:Jacob's Well 20th century.jpg|thumb|right|The well in 1934.]]
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[[Image:Jacob's Well 20th century.jpg|thumb|right|Puțul lui Iacov (imagine din 1934).]]
 
Jacob's Well is located 76 meters (249 ft) from ''Tell Balata'' in the eastern part of the city of Nablus within the grounds of the Jacob's Well Monastery.<ref name=PUSH>"[http://www.pushproject.org/page78/page8/page5/Al-Quds%20Sites.html Bir Ya'qub (Jacob's Well)]". PUSH (Promoting dialogue and cultural Understanding of our Shared Heritage. Retrieved 2008-12-07.  </ref><ref name=Bromileyp955/> The well is accessed by entering the church on the monastery grounds, and descending the stairs to a [[crypt]] where the well still stands, along with ''"a small winch, a bucket, ex-voto icons and lots of lit candles."''<ref name=Semplici/> Joseph's Tomb, a related site, is located just north of Jacob's Well in an Ottoman era building marked by a white dome.<ref>"[http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/nablus.html Nablus, Holy Land]". Atlas Tours. Retrieved 2008-12-07.</ref>
 
Jacob's Well is located 76 meters (249 ft) from ''Tell Balata'' in the eastern part of the city of Nablus within the grounds of the Jacob's Well Monastery.<ref name=PUSH>"[http://www.pushproject.org/page78/page8/page5/Al-Quds%20Sites.html Bir Ya'qub (Jacob's Well)]". PUSH (Promoting dialogue and cultural Understanding of our Shared Heritage. Retrieved 2008-12-07.  </ref><ref name=Bromileyp955/> The well is accessed by entering the church on the monastery grounds, and descending the stairs to a [[crypt]] where the well still stands, along with ''"a small winch, a bucket, ex-voto icons and lots of lit candles."''<ref name=Semplici/> Joseph's Tomb, a related site, is located just north of Jacob's Well in an Ottoman era building marked by a white dome.<ref>"[http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/nablus.html Nablus, Holy Land]". Atlas Tours. Retrieved 2008-12-07.</ref>
  
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==A se vedea și==
 
==A se vedea și==
* [[Philoumenos (Hasapis) of Jacob's Well]]
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* [[Filumen (Hasapis) de la Puțul lui Iacov]]
 
* [[Fotini samarineanca]]
 
* [[Fotini samarineanca]]
  

Versiunea de la data 22 august 2017 13:43

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Biserica mănăstirii "Puțul lui Iacov", Nablus, 2008.

Puțul lui Iacov sau Fântâna lui Iacov sau Puțul din Sihar (în arabă بئر يعقوب, (Bir Ya'qub sau Bir Ya'kub; în greacă: Φρέαρ του Ιακώβ) este un puț circular adânc, tăiat în stâncă, asociat, de circa două milenii, în tradiția religioasă cu persoana patriarhului Iacov. Este situat la mică distanță de situl arheologic Tell Balata, considerat a fi biblicul Șechem.[1] Puțul se află în prezent în incinta mănăstirii ortodoxe cu același nume, în orașul Nablus din Cisiordania.[2][3]

Semnificația religioasă

Sfânta Fotini samarineanca îl întâlnește pe Hristos lângă puțul lui Iacov.

Tradițiile iudaică, samariteană, creștină și musulmană asociază puțul cu personalitatea patriarhului Iacov.[2] Acesta nu este explicit menționat în Vechiul Testament. În Cartea Facerii 33,18f se spune că Iacov s-a întors la Șechem de la Paddan-aram ("din Mesopotamia"), s-a așezat "în faţa cetăţii" și a cumpărat un lot de pământ pe care și-a ridicat cortul. Unii specialiști în istorie biblică dispută faptul că acest lot de teren ar fi același cu cel pe care a fost construit puțul lui Iacov.[2][3]

Puțul (Fântâna) lui Iacov este însă menționat explicit în Noul Testament, în Evanghelia după Ioan 4, 5-30, unde se spune că Hristos "a venit la o cetate a Samariei, numită Sihar, aproape de locul pe care Iacov l-a dat lui Iosif, fiul său; și era acolo fântâna lui Iacov."[2] Evanghelia descrie apoi discuția care a avut loc între Iisus și o femeie samarineancă, pe când Hristos se odihnea lângă fântână. [4]

Istorie

Scrierile unor pelerini indică faptul că, de-a lungul timpului, Puțul lui Iacov se afla în bisericile construite succesiv în același loc. [2][3]

Perioada bizantină

Până în anul 330 d.Hr, acest loc a fost identificat drept cel în care Hristos a vorbit cu femeia samarineancă. Acolo creștinii obișnuiau să oficieze botezuri.[5] Înainte de anul 384 d.Hr. o biserică în formă de cruce a fost construită în acest loc înainte de anul 384 d.Hr., fiind menționată în secolul al IV-lea în scrierile Fericitului Ieronim.[5][6] Foarte probabil, această biserică a fost distrusă în timpul Răscoalei samarinenilor din anul 484 sau din 529.[5] Reconstruită de împăratul Iustinian, această a doua biserică din perioada bizantină exista încă în anii 720 și, cel mai probabil, până la începutul secolului al IX-lea.[5]

Perioada cruciată

The Byzantine church was definitely in ruins by the time the Crusaders occupied Nablus in August 1099. Early 12th century accounts by pilgrims to the site speak of the well without mentioning a church.[5] There are later 12th century accounts of a newly built church at Jacob's Well. The first such definitive account comes from Theoderic, who writes: "The well ... is a half a mile distant from the city [Nablus]: it lies in front of the altar in the church built over it, in which nuns devote themselves to the service of God. This well is called the Fountain of Jacob."[5] This Crusader era church was constructed in 1175, likely due to the support of Queen Melisande, who was exiled to Nablus in 1152 where she lived until her death in 1161.[7] This church appears to have been destroyed following Saladin's victory over the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin in 1187.[2][3]

Epoca otomană

In March 1697, when Henry Maundrell visited Jacob's Well, the depth of the water in the well measured 15 feet (4.6 m).[8][3] Edward Robinson visited the site in the mid-19th century, describing the "remains of the ancient church," lying just above the well to the southwest as a "shapeless mass of ruins, among which are seen fragments of gray, granite columns, still retaining their ancient polish."[9] Local Christians continued to venerate the site even when it was without a church.[6].

In 1860, the site was obtained by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate and a new church was constructed shortly thereafter. An earthquake in 1927 in Palestine destroyed that building.[6]

The dome of the Church of Jacob's Well as photographed in 2008.

Epoca modernă

Since the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Jacob's Well has been a site of contention between Christians and Jews.[6] In November 1979, a week after a Zionist group came to the monastery claiming it as a Jewish holy place and demanding that all religious iconography be removed, the custodian of the well, Archimandrite Philoumenos, was found hatcheted to death inside the crypt housing the well. Though the two events are thought to be related, no one was ever arrested for the murder.[10][6]

Father Justinus, a well respected Greek Orthodox priest in Nablus, later spearheaded a huge reconstruction project.[6] Jacob's Well has since been restored and a new church modelled along the designs of the Crusader era church, houses the well inside of it, in a crypt on a lower level.[7][6]

Descriere și localizare

Puțul lui Iacov (imagine din 1934).

Jacob's Well is located 76 meters (249 ft) from Tell Balata in the eastern part of the city of Nablus within the grounds of the Jacob's Well Monastery.[7][2] The well is accessed by entering the church on the monastery grounds, and descending the stairs to a crypt where the well still stands, along with "a small winch, a bucket, ex-voto icons and lots of lit candles."[6] Joseph's Tomb, a related site, is located just north of Jacob's Well in an Ottoman era building marked by a white dome.[11]

According to Major Anderson, who visited the site in 1866, the well has
"a narrow opening, just wide enough to allow the body of a man to pass through with arms uplifted, and this narrow neck, which is about 4 ft. long, opens into the well itself, which is cylindrically shaped, and opens about 7 ft. 6 in. in diameter. The well and upper part of the well are built of masonry, and the well appears to have been sunk through a mixture of alluvial soil and limestone fragments, till a compact bed of mountain limestone was reached, having horizontal strata which could be easily worked; and the interior of the well presents the appearance of having been lined throughout with rough masonry."[2]

Based on a measurement made in 1935, the total depth of the well is 41 meters (135 ft).[2]

A se vedea și

Note

  1. Horne, 1856, pp. 50-51/
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Bromiley, 1982, p. 955.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Hastings and Driver, 2004, pp. 535-537.
  4. Becchio and Schadé, 2006. "Jacob's fountain".
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Pringle and Leach, 1993, p. 258.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 Semplici, Andrea and Boccia, Mario. - Nablus, at the foot of the holy mountain pp.35-37.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 "Bir Ya'qub (Jacob's Well)". PUSH (Promoting dialogue and cultural Understanding of our Shared Heritage. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  8. Maundrell, p.105, p.106
  9. Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 132.
  10. Luke Baker. "By Luke Baker". Jerusalemites.org, Originally published by Reuters. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  11. "Nablus, Holy Land". Atlas Tours. Retrieved 2008-12-07.

Bibliografie

  • Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes P. (2006), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Foreign Media Group. ISBN 1601360002, 9781601360007
  • Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1982), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0802837824, 9780802837820
  • Horne, Thomas Hartwell (1856), An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts.
  • Hastings, James; Driver, S R (2004), A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I -- Kinsman), The Minerva Group, Inc.
  • Maundrell, Henry (1836). A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem: At Easter, A.D. 1697 : to which is Added an Account of the Author's Journey to the Banks of the Euphrates at Beer, and to the Country of Mesopotamia. 271 pages.
  • Pringle, Denys; Leach, Peter E. (1993), Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521390362, 9780521390361
  • Robinson, Edward; Smith, Eli (1856), Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852, J. Murray.