Imperiul Bizantin: Diferență între versiuni

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Cei mai mulți dintre istorici consideră schimbarea din timpul domniei lui [[Heraclie|Heraclius I]] (care a elenizat imperiul în anul 640, prin adoptarea limbii greceşti ca limbă oficială) ca punctul de ruptură cu trecutul roman şi obișnuiesc să numească imperiul ca „Bizantin”, în loc de „Roman de Răsărit”, după această dată. Este însă doar o convenţie, întrucât majoritatea populaţiei din zona europeană a imperiului, cu excepția grecilor, au continuat să vorbească latina populară până la apariţia limbilor populaţiilor migratoare care s-au stabilit aici (slavii și bulgarii).
 
Cei mai mulți dintre istorici consideră schimbarea din timpul domniei lui [[Heraclie|Heraclius I]] (care a elenizat imperiul în anul 640, prin adoptarea limbii greceşti ca limbă oficială) ca punctul de ruptură cu trecutul roman şi obișnuiesc să numească imperiul ca „Bizantin”, în loc de „Roman de Răsărit”, după această dată. Este însă doar o convenţie, întrucât majoritatea populaţiei din zona europeană a imperiului, cu excepția grecilor, au continuat să vorbească latina populară până la apariţia limbilor populaţiilor migratoare care s-au stabilit aici (slavii și bulgarii).
  
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==Etapele istorice ale Imperiului Roman de Răsărit==
 
{{Traducere EN}}
 
{{Traducere EN}}
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There is no consensus on the starting date of the Byzantine period. Some place it during the reign of [[Diocleţian]] (284–305) due to the administrative reforms he introduced, dividing the empire into a ''pars Orientis'' and a ''pars Occidentis''. Some consider [[Constantin cel Mare]] its founder. Others place it during the reign of [[Teodosie cel Mare (împărat)|Teodosie I]] (379–395) and Christendom's victory over pagan Roman religion, or, following his death in 395, with the division of the empire into western and eastern halves. Others place it yet further in 476, when the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was forced to abdicate, thus leaving sole imperial authority to the emperor in the Greek East. Others again point to the reorganisation of the empire in the time of [[Heraclie]] (ca. 620) when Greek was made the official language.  In any case, the changeover was gradual and by 330, when Constantine inaugurated his new capital, the process of further [[Hellenization]] and increasing [[Christianization]] was already under way.
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In certain specific contexts, usually referring to the time before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it is also often referred to as the '''Eastern Roman Empire'''. To its inhabitants the Empire was simply the Roman Empire and its emperors continued the unbroken succession of Roman emperors. During much of its history it was known to many of its Western contemporaries as ''The Empire of the Greeks'' due to the increasing dominance of its Greek population and distinct culture. Today most scholars acknowledge that the [[Byzantine]] Empire was the direct continuation of the [[Hellenistic|Hellenistic World]].<!-- The Oxford History of Byzantium, Britannica 2006. -->
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==Etapele istorice ale Imperiului Roman de Răsărit==
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La [[29 mai]] 1453 [[Căderea Constantinopolului|Constantinopolul era cucerit]] de către forţele Imperiului Otoman. Desființarea oficială a Imperiului Bizantin nu a însemnat însă și dispariția societății bizantine. Sub stăpânirea otomană, grecii au continuat să se definească ca Ρωμαίοι (''Romaioi'', în turcește, ''Rum''), apoi treptat, odată cu dezvoltarea naționalismelor moderne și cu regăsirea istoriei antice, din ce în ce mai frecvent, Έλληνες (''Elines''), o identitate care s-a impus la începutul secolului al XIX-lea, în timp ce Ρωμαίοι este folosit mai mult ca nume istoric și nu ca un sinonim național, ca în trecut.
  
 
==Organizarea politică şi administrativă==
 
==Organizarea politică şi administrativă==
  
There is no consensus on the starting date of the Byzantine period. Some place it during the reign of [[Diocleţian]] (284–305) due to the administrative reforms he introduced, dividing the empire into a ''pars Orientis'' and a ''pars Occidentis''. Some consider [[Constantin cel Mare]] its founder. Others place it during the reign of [[Teodosie cel Mare (împărat)|Teodosie I]] (379–395) and Christendom's victory over pagan Roman religion, or, following his death in 395, with the division of the empire into western and eastern halves. Others place it yet further in 476, when the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was forced to abdicate, thus leaving sole imperial authority to the emperor in the Greek East. Others again point to the reorganisation of the empire in the time of [[Heraclie]] (ca. 620) when Greek was made the official language.  In any case, the changeover was gradual and by 330, when Constantine inaugurated his new capital, the process of further [[Hellenization]] and increasing [[Christianization]] was already under way.
 
  
 
==Viaţa spirituală în Imperiul Bizantin==
 
==Viaţa spirituală în Imperiul Bizantin==
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===Religia===
 
===Religia===
  
Imperiul Bizantin a avut o influență majoră asupra [[Introducere în Creştinismul Ortodox|creștinismului ortodox]]. This was embodied in the Byzantine version of Christianity, which spread Orthodoxy and eventually led to the creation of the "[[Byzantine commonwealth]]" (a term coined by 20th-century historians) throughout Eastern Europe. Early Byzantine missionary work spread Orthodox Christianity to various Slavic peoples, where it still is a predominant religion. Such modern-day countries are Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine; of course, it has also remained the official religion of the Greeks via the uninterrupted continuity of the [[Biserica Ortodoxă a Greciei|Biserica Greciei]]. Less well known is the influence of the Byzantine religious sensibility on the millions of Christians in Ethiopia, the [[Coptic]] Christians of Egypt, and the Christians of Armenia, though they all belong to the [[Oriental Orthodox]] (as opposed to the Byzantine [[Eastern Orthodox]]) faith.  
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Imperiul Bizantin a avut o influență majoră asupra [[Introducere în Creştinismul Ortodox|creștinismului ortodox]].  
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This was embodied in the Byzantine version of Christianity, which spread Orthodoxy and eventually led to the creation of the "[[Byzantine commonwealth]]" (a term coined by 20th-century historians) throughout Eastern Europe. Early Byzantine missionary work spread Orthodox Christianity to various Slavic peoples, where it still is a predominant religion. Such modern-day countries are Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine; of course, it has also remained the official religion of the Greeks via the uninterrupted continuity of the [[Biserica Ortodoxă a Greciei|Biserica Greciei]]. Less well known is the influence of the Byzantine religious sensibility on the millions of Christians in Ethiopia, the [[Coptic]] Christians of Egypt, and the Christians of Armenia, though they all belong to the [[Oriental Orthodox]] (as opposed to the Byzantine [[Eastern Orthodox]]) faith.  
  
 
Robert Byron, one of the first 20th century Philhellenes, argued that the greatness of [[Byzantium]] lay in what he described as "the Triple Fusion": that of a Roman body, a Greek mind and an oriental, mystical soul.
 
Robert Byron, one of the first 20th century Philhellenes, argued that the greatness of [[Byzantium]] lay in what he described as "the Triple Fusion": that of a Roman body, a Greek mind and an oriental, mystical soul.

Versiunea de la data 18 noiembrie 2011 15:07

Imperiul Roman de Răsărit sau Imperiul Bizantin (în greacă: Βασιλεία τῶν Ρωμαίων - Basileía tōn Rōmaíōn; în latină: Imperium Romanorum) este termenul folosit în mod convențional pentru a numi Imperiul Roman din Evul Mediu având capitala la Constantinopol. Sintagma Imperiul Bizantin a apărut începând cu scrierile istoricilor moderni, desemnând Imperiul Roman de limbă greacă din Evul Mediu.

Originea denumirii „Imperiul Bizantin”

După ce Constantin cel Mare a reușit să devină singurul împărat al Imperiului Roman, el a decis să întemeieze o nouă capitală imperială și a ales vechea cetate grecească a Bizanţului (grec. Byzantion) pentru acest scop. Constantin a redenumit orașul Nova Roma (Noua Romă) pe 11 mai 330 d.Hr., dar acest nume nu a intrat niciodată în folosirea zilnică, orașul fiind denumit popular Constantinopol (Κωνσταντινούπολις, Constantinoúpolis, adică „Oraşul lui Constantin”).

Imperiul Roman de Răsărit (Imperiul Bizantin) poate fi definit ca un stat, inițial, roman, pe un substrat multietnic și multicultural, treptat elenizat, care s-a dezvoltat, ulterior, ca un imperiu creştin, elenistic, încheindu-şi istoria ca un stat greco-ortodox.

Cei mai mulți dintre istorici consideră schimbarea din timpul domniei lui Heraclius I (care a elenizat imperiul în anul 640, prin adoptarea limbii greceşti ca limbă oficială) ca punctul de ruptură cu trecutul roman şi obișnuiesc să numească imperiul ca „Bizantin”, în loc de „Roman de Răsărit”, după această dată. Este însă doar o convenţie, întrucât majoritatea populaţiei din zona europeană a imperiului, cu excepția grecilor, au continuat să vorbească latina populară până la apariţia limbilor populaţiilor migratoare care s-au stabilit aici (slavii și bulgarii).

Etapele istorice ale Imperiului Roman de Răsărit

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There is no consensus on the starting date of the Byzantine period. Some place it during the reign of Diocleţian (284–305) due to the administrative reforms he introduced, dividing the empire into a pars Orientis and a pars Occidentis. Some consider Constantin cel Mare its founder. Others place it during the reign of Teodosie I (379–395) and Christendom's victory over pagan Roman religion, or, following his death in 395, with the division of the empire into western and eastern halves. Others place it yet further in 476, when the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was forced to abdicate, thus leaving sole imperial authority to the emperor in the Greek East. Others again point to the reorganisation of the empire in the time of Heraclie (ca. 620) when Greek was made the official language. In any case, the changeover was gradual and by 330, when Constantine inaugurated his new capital, the process of further Hellenization and increasing Christianization was already under way.


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La 29 mai 1453 Constantinopolul era cucerit de către forţele Imperiului Otoman. Desființarea oficială a Imperiului Bizantin nu a însemnat însă și dispariția societății bizantine. Sub stăpânirea otomană, grecii au continuat să se definească ca Ρωμαίοι (Romaioi, în turcește, Rum), apoi treptat, odată cu dezvoltarea naționalismelor moderne și cu regăsirea istoriei antice, din ce în ce mai frecvent, Έλληνες (Elines), o identitate care s-a impus la începutul secolului al XIX-lea, în timp ce Ρωμαίοι este folosit mai mult ca nume istoric și nu ca un sinonim național, ca în trecut.

Organizarea politică şi administrativă

Viaţa spirituală în Imperiul Bizantin

Religia

Imperiul Bizantin a avut o influență majoră asupra creștinismului ortodox.

This was embodied in the Byzantine version of Christianity, which spread Orthodoxy and eventually led to the creation of the "Byzantine commonwealth" (a term coined by 20th-century historians) throughout Eastern Europe. Early Byzantine missionary work spread Orthodox Christianity to various Slavic peoples, where it still is a predominant religion. Such modern-day countries are Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine; of course, it has also remained the official religion of the Greeks via the uninterrupted continuity of the Biserica Greciei. Less well known is the influence of the Byzantine religious sensibility on the millions of Christians in Ethiopia, the Coptic Christians of Egypt, and the Christians of Armenia, though they all belong to the Oriental Orthodox (as opposed to the Byzantine Eastern Orthodox) faith.

Robert Byron, one of the first 20th century Philhellenes, argued that the greatness of Byzantium lay in what he described as "the Triple Fusion": that of a Roman body, a Greek mind and an oriental, mystical soul.

Artele, arhitectura, literatura

Byzantine Art and Byzantine Architecture were largely based around the Christian story and its heralds, and the importance of icons in Orthodox society. In terms of architecture, Byzantines emphasized the Dome, the arch and the Grecian cross lay out. It is evidenced today in countless examples of old Byzantine Churches with their traditional mosaics depicting Saints and figures from the Bible. Its impact was such that it spawned a Neo-Byzantine architectural revival in later years. Byzantine Art was also important in this respect, its impact on Orthodoxy can be witnessed across southeast Europe, Russia, the Holy Land and parts of the Middle East, but also in those areas of Turkey where it was allowed to survive.

The finest Byzantine literary works were Hymns and devotionals. The other area where the Byzantines excelled was in practical writing. While rarely works of genius, a series of competent, diligent writers, both male and female, produced many works of practical value in the fields of public administration, military affairs, and the practical sciences. The early theological work of the Byzantines was important in the development of western thought. Historiography influenced later Russian chroniclers.

Most of the writing was in classical Greek. Vernacular literature developed much more slowly than in the west. There was little fiction, the best-known work being the epic poem Digenis Acritas, written in something approaching the vernacular. Much of the writing of the day was history, theology, biography, and hagiography. Many letters have survived, some work-a-day correspondence, a few minor masterpieces, as well as a few large encyclopedic works, such as the huge Suda. Perhaps the Byzantine empire's greatest contribution to literature was their careful preservation of the best works of the ancient world, as well as compilations of works on certain subjects, with certain revisions, most specifically in the fields of medicine and history.

Moştenirea Imperiului Bizantin

Surse

Legături externe