Biserica Ortodoxă a Antiohiei: Diferență între versiuni

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(New page: Stimata Doamna, Draga Domnule, frati crestini, hai cu noi sa salvam viata semenilor in nevoi! Ma numesc Ganea Mihai, medic si presedinte al Fundatiei Transilvania si al Clinicii acesteia...)
 
(propunere de traducere de pe orthodoxwiki.org)
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Stimata Doamna, Draga Domnule,
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{{Traducere EN}}
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frati crestini, hai cu noi sa salvam viata semenilor in nevoi!
 
  
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Ma numesc Ganea Mihai, medic si presedinte al Fundatiei Transilvania si al Clinicii acesteia din Romania. Va scriu in numele fundatiei, al clinicii si al persoanelor in suferinta de care ne preocupam. Dupa revolutia din decembrie 1989, am infiintat aceasta fundatie si clinica si de atunci mi-am dedicat activitatea, in totalitate, in folosul nevoiasilor si bolnavilor lipsiti de mijloace materiale si financiare. De atunci sunt preocupat permanent de activitatea umanitara pusa in slujba copiilor abandonati, adultilor si batranilor in dificultate si bolnavi, unii cu boli incurabile. Persoanele care se afla in situatie dificila sunt multe la numar in Romania, si de o parte dintre acestea se ocupa organizatia noastra, impreuna cu clinica, care asigura ingrijirea, educarea si tratamentul celor bolnavi. Nimic nu este pierdut, daca exista speranta!
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The '''Church of Antioch''' is one of the five [[patriarchate]]s (i.e., the [[Pentarchy]]) that constituted the [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church]] before the [[Great Schism|schism]] between Rome and Antioch in 1098, and between Rome and the other patriarchates at around the same general period. Today it is one of the [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] Orthodox churches. In English translations of official documents, the Church of Antioch refers to itself as the '''Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East''', though a literal translation of the Arabic name imposed on it by Ottoman law, and retained to this day by the various political successors to the Ottomans, would be '''Roman Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East'''.
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In paralel cu aceasta activitate, Fundatia Transilvania este preocupata de cercetarea in domeniul medicinei, si sprijina cu tehnica medicala spitalele din Romania in functie cu aparatura primita de la sponsori si donatori, de pretutindeni. Pentru sustinerea intregii activitati sociale-medicale si de cercetare, avem nevoie urgent de ajutoare in bani si bunuri - echipamente si tehnica medicala de orice natura, medicamente, asistenta medicala mobila (masini), imbracaminte si incaltaminte pentru copii si adulti, alimente, computere si televizoare. Ajuta, semenii care plang, viseaza si spera la vindecarea durerilor cauzate de afectiuni grave!
 
  
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Fundatia Transilvania lanseaza un apel umanitar catre persoanele fizice, companii si marile concerne, banci, fundatii, voluntari, oameni de afaceri sau alte persoane bine intenţionate care doresc să ajute prin donatii si sponsorizari activitatea umanitara desfasurata de fundatia si clinica noastra. In spiritul credintei, omeniei si solidaritatii, va adresam si dumneavoastra  invitatia si rugamintea sa veniti in sprijinul nostru. Contributia dumneavoastra, mica sau mare, va bucura, va vindeca, va salva una sau mai multe vieti ale celor aflati in dificultate de forta majora. Orice cent este important pentru fundatia si clinica noastra. In spiritul  solidaritatii, al credintei si al omeniei va rog din tot sufletul sa veniti in sprijinul fundatiei si al clinicii cu ce doriti si cu ce puteti dumneavoastra. Este momentul sa dovedim ca ne pasa de semenii nostri care nu mai au nici o speranta !
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The Church of Antioch is the continuation of the Christian community founded in Antioch by the [[Apostles]] [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] (who served as its first bishop) and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]], who are its [[patron saint]]s. In terms of hierarchical order of precedence, it currently ranks third among the world's Orthodox churches, behind [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria]].
  
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Va rugam tare mult, sa veniti in sprijinul nostru in functie de cum va dicteaza constiinta, in functie de posibilitatile dumneavoastra personale, ale companiei sau ale organizatiei, ori ale institutiei unde lucrati dumneavoastra. Va rugam, ganditi-va doar o clipa la copiii, adultii si batranii in suferinta, care au nevoie de ajutor, si faceti o bucurie acestora. Avem nevoie urgent de fonduri si bunuri, contam in sprijinul dvs., chiar daca acesta este mic sau mare, donati si dumneavoastra cat puteti si nu veti regreta. Veniti alaturi de noi ca sponsor, donator sau fondator, avem nevoie de ajutorul dvs. Asteptam un semn bun si va multumim din tot sufletul. Daruieste si vei primi inzecit.  Asa sa ne ajute bunul Dumnezeu!
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The seat of the patriarchate was formerly Antioch (Antakya), in what is now Turkey. Now it is in Damascus, Syria, located on the "street called Straight."  The current patriarch is His Beatitude Patriarch [[Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch]] and all the East.
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Frati crestini, va adresez acest apel in numele semenilor napastuiti de care se ocupa fundatia, toti oameni de buna credinta in ideea de a va cere un real sprijin nu numai in numele nostru ci si in numele spirtualitatii omenesti. Fundatia Transilvania face apel la toti cetatenii, din tara si din toata lumea, sa sprijine programele de asistenta sociala si medicala a persoanelor abandonate vârstnice si copii aflate în deriva. Nu conteaza ce si cât daruiesti. Arata ca îti pasa de semenii in suferinta! De la suflet pentru suflet: ajutati-ne sa-i ajutam pe oamenii in nevoi, aflati in dificultate! Pentru detalii si coordonate va rugam vizitati site-ul oficial al fundatiei
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<!-- [[Image:St George Beirut.jpg|right|thumb|450px|The Church of St. George in Beirut]] -->
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www.transilvaniafoundation.ro  si apoi asteptam sa intindeti o mana de ajutor cauzei semenilor in dificultate.
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[[Image:Balamand.jpg|right|thumb|450px|[[Our Lady of Balamand Monastery (Tripoli, Lebanon)|Our Lady of Balamand Monastery]]]]
  
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Va multumim din suflet.
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{{church|
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Asteptam un semn bun de la dumneavoastra..  
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name=Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East|
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Cu respect si consideratie,
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founder= [[Apostle]]s [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]]|
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Ganea Mihai, Presedinte
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independence=Traditional|
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Vasile Grigoras, Director
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recognition= Traditional |
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Tel. 0740 984 119
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primate=[[Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch|Patriarch Ignatius IV]]|
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hq=Damascus, Syria|
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territory=Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Turkey|
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possessions=United States, Canada, Central America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, Oceania, Great Britain, Western Europe|
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language=Arabic, Greek, English|
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music=[[Byzantine Chant]]|
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calendar=[[Revised Julian Calendar|Revised Julian]]|
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population=750,000 to 1,000,000|
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website=[http://www.antiochpat.org/ Church of Antioch]
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}}
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==History==
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===Early years===
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The early history of the Church of Antioch is detailed in the [[Acts of the Apostles]], where in Acts 11:23 the [[Apostle Luke]] records that it was in that city that the disciples of Christ were first called [[Christian]]s.  Due to the importance of Antioch as a major center in the ancient [[Roman Empire]], many of the missionary efforts of the [[apostles]] were launched from that city.  In the early centuries of the Church's history, it was natural that the Church sojourning in Antioch would come to be traditionally regarded as one of the centers of world Christianity.  The territory that came to be associated with the [[bishop]] of Antioch was that of the Roman Diocese of the East (a diocese was originally an Imperial governmental division before it became an ecclesiastical one).
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===The Antiochian school===
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During the pre-Nicene period and that of the [[Ecumenical Councils]], Christian theology centered in Antioch tended to emphasize the literal, historical facts of the life of [[Jesus Christ]] over philosophical or allegorical [[hermeneutics|interpretations]] of [[Holy Scripture]], contrasted with the more mystical and figurative theology coming from [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria]].  Antiochian theology, though stressing the "earthier" side of interpretation, nevertheless did not neglect the importance of insight into the deeper, spiritual meaning of the Scriptures.  These two viewpoints came to be known respectively as the [[Antiochian school]] and the [[Alexandrian school]], represented by major catechetical institutions at both places.
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Major figures associated with the origin of the Antiochian school include [[Lucian of Antioch]] and [[Paul of Samosata]], but its real formation was found with writers such as [[Diodore of Tarsus]], [[John Chrysostom]], [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Nestorius]], and [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]].  At times, this difference in emphasis caused conflicts within the Church as the tension between the two approaches came to a head, especially regarding the doctrinal disputes over [[Arianism]] and [[Nestorianism]].  Saints such as [[John Chrysostom]] are somewhat regarded as synthesizers of the Antiochian and Alexandrian approaches to theology, and the Antiochian school of theology, whose more deviant proponents produced [[Arianism]] and [[Nestorianism]], also enabled the Orthodox fight against the Alexandrian school's deviances, namely [[Apollinarianism]] and [[Eutychianism]].
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===Schism over Chalcedon===
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Disputes over the [[Christology]] of the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] at Chalcedon&mdash;the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] controversy&mdash;in 451 led to a [[schism]] within the Church of Antioch, which at that same council was elevated to the status of a [[patriarchate]].  The larger group at the time repudiated the council and became the [[Church of Antioch (Jacobite)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] (also called the "Jacobites" for [[Jacob Baradeus]], an early bishop of theirs who did extensive missionary work in the region).  They currently constitute part of the [[Oriental Orthodox]] communion and maintain a Christology somewhat different in language from that of Chalcedon. 
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The remainder of the Church of Antioch, primarily local Greeks or Hellenized sections of the indigenous population, remained in communion with Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem.  This is the current ''Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East'' which is considered by the other bishops of the Orthodox Church to be the sole legimate heir to the [[see]] of Antioch.
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The schism greatly weakened the Antiochian church, and in 637 when Antioch fell to the [[Islam|Muslim]] Arabs, the "Greek" church was perceived by the invaders as allied to the Romano-Byzantine enemies of the Arabs.  During the subsequent period, Antiochian Orthodox Christians underwent a lengthy period of persecution, and there were multiple periods of either vacancy or non-residence on the Antiochian patriarchal throne during the 7th and 8th centuries.  In 969, the Roman Empire regained control of Antioch, and the church there prospered again until 1085, when the Seljuk Turks took the city.  During this period of more than a hundred years, the traditional West Syrian [[liturgy]] of the church was gradually replaced by that of the tradition of the Great Church, [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople.  This process was completed sometime in the 12th century.
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===Crusader and Muslim conquests===
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In 1098, Crusaders took the city and set up a Latin Patriarchate of Antioch to adorn its Latin Kingdom of Syria, while a Greek patriarchate continued in exile in Constantinople.  After nearly two centuries of Crusader rule, the Egyptian Mamelukes seized Antioch in 1268, and the Orthodox patriarch, [[Theodosius IV of Antioch|Theodosius IV]], was able to return to the region.  By this point, Antioch itself had been reduced to a smaller town, and so in the 14th century [[Ignatius II of Antioch|Ignatius II]] transferred the seat of the patriarchate to Damascus, where it remains to this day, though the patriarch retains the Antiochian title.
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The Ottoman Turks conquered the city in 1517, under whose control it remained until the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I.  During this period, in 1724, the Church of Antioch was again weakened by schism, as a major portion of its faithful came into submission to the [[Roman Catholic Church]].  The resultant [[Uniate]] body is known as the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]], which in the current day maintains close ties with the Orthodox and is currently holding ongoing talks about healing the schism and returning the Melkites to Orthodoxy.
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By the 18th century the great majority of the communicants of the Antiochian church were Arabs. In 1898 the last Greek patriarch was deposed, and an Arab successor was elected in 1899.  Thus the patriarchate became fully Arab in character.  A strong renewal movement, involving Orthodox youth in particular, has been under way since the 1940s.
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===The Antiochian church today===
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[[Image:Ignatius Hazim.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch|Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch]]]]
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The [[St. John of Damascus Patriarchal Institute of Theology (Tripoli, Lebanon)]] was established by the patriarchate in 1970, and in 1988 it was fully incorporated into the University of Balamand.  The Institute functions as the primary seminary for theological schooling for the patriarchate's clergy and lay leaders.
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The [[Holy Synod]] of Antioch includes the [[patriarch]] and all the ruling [[bishop]]s. Meetings are held each year in Spring and Autumn to consider church-wide issues, and to elect the patriarch and other [[bishop]]s as needed. The patriarch and holy synod govern the Church of Antioch to preserve the true faith, to maintain ecclesiastical order, and to carry out the commandments of Christ.  In addition to the synod itself, a general conciliar body meets twice a year to see to the financial, educational, judicial, and administrative matters of the patriarchate.  It is composed of members of the synod and of lay representatives.  When a new patriarch is to be elected, this body selects three candidates from whom the holy synod chooses the new patriarch.
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The current patriarch is His Beatitude Patriarch [[Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch]] and all the East, elected in 1979.  Patriarch Ignatius has been particularly active in strengthening ties with other Christian communions, but particularly with those whose roots are in Antioch.  His Beatitude and the holy synod of Antioch were enthusiastic for the Church of Antioch to participate in general talks between representatives of all the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches.
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At Chambesy in Switzerland, plenary talks were held resulting in [http://www.antiochian.org.au/content/category/7/30/21/ agreements] in 1989, 1990 and 1993. All official representatives of the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox reached agreement in these dialogues that the Christological differences between the two communions are more a matter of emphasis than of substance.  Although elements in a number of the Eastern Orthodox Churches have criticized the apparent consensus reached by the representatives at Chambesy, the patriarch and holy synod of the Antiochian Orthodox Church welcomed the agreements as positive moves towards a sharing in the Love of God, and a rejection of the hatred of insubstantial division.
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As recommended in the Second Chambesy Agreement, that of 1990, the Antiochian (Eastern) Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius IV formally met with the Syriac (Oriental) Orthodox Patriarch, Ignatius Zakka I,  on [[July 22]], 1991. At that formal meeting, the two patriarchs signed a [http://www.antiochian.org.au/content/view/143/21 pastoral agreement] which called for "complete and mutual respect between the two churches."  It also prohibited the passing of faithful from one church to the other, envisaged joint meetings of the two holy synods when appropriate, and provided for future guidelines for intercommunion of the faithful and [[Eucharist]]ic [[concelebration]] by the [[clergy]] of the two churches. The Church of Antioch expects these guidelines to be issued when the faithful of both churches are ready, but not before.
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Patriarch Ignatius has also overseen participation in a bilateral commission with the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]], which is exploring ways of healing the 18th century schism between the Melkite Catholics and the Antiochian Orthodox.  In an unprecedented event, Melkite Patriarch Maximos V addressed a meeting of the Orthodox holy synod in October 1996. 
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The members of the holy synod of Antioch continue to explore greater communication and more friendly meetings with their Syriac, Melkite, and Maronite brothers and sisters, who all share a common heritage.
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In May of 1997, the holy synod met and declared that the whole [[Pascha]]ltide period is to be observed festally, thus balancing the lengthy fasting of [[Great Lent]] with an equal feasting period in celebration of the Resurrection of [[Jesus Christ]]. 
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This decision, the diplomatic activities, and other moves by Patriarch Ignatius and the holy synod, have drawn criticism from some elements within the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church and particularly from "resistance" groups who have walled themselves off from communion with most of world Orthodoxy. 
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Of the churches receiving approbrium for "[[ecumenism]]", Antioch probably has received the greatest amount.
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===Expansion abroad===
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[[Image:Antiochian bishops.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''New Antiochian bishops with the patriarch'''<br>Left to Right:  Bp. [[Mark (Maymon) of Toledo]], Patr. [[Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch]], Bp. [[Thomas (Joseph) of Oakland]], Bp. [[Alexander (Mufarrij) of Ottawa]]]]
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Extensive 20th and 21st century Arab immigration to the New World has further increased the size, vigor and influence of the Church of Antioch, and the majority of Antiochian faithful now reside outside the Middle East and include numerous non-Arabic converts to the Orthodox Christian faith.  As a result, besides its Middle Eastern territories in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, the Arabian Peninsular, and parts of Turkey, the Church of Antioch also includes missionary dioceses in Central, North, and South America, in Europe, and in Australia and the Pacific. The archdiocese with the largest population is [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|North America]]. It is also the only one with internal [[diocese]]s.  The archdiocese with the largest area is [[Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and New Zealand|Australia and New Zealand]]. Estimates of the membership of the patriarchate range from 750,000 to over 1,000,000 in Syria alone.
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==Antiochian saints==
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Over the centuries, the Church of Antioch has been associated with many [[saint]]s on the Church's calendar.  These include the following:
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[[Image:Antiochian saints.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Synaxis]] of the Great [[Saint]]s of the Holy Church of Antioch]]
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*[[Andrew of Crete]]
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*[[Apostles]] [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]]
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*[[Babylas of Antioch]]
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*[[Bacchus and Sergius]]
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*[[Christopher the Great-martyr]]
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*[[Daniel the Stylite]]
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*[[Dorotheos of Gaza]]
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*[[Ephrem the Syrian]]
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*[[Eustathius of Antioch]]
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*[[George the Trophy-bearer]]
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*[[Habib]]
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*[[Ignatius of Antioch]]
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*[[Isaac the Syrian]]
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*[[John Chrysostom]]
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*[[John of Damascus]]
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*[[Joseph of Damascus]]
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*[[Meletius of Antioch]]
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*[[Raphael of Brooklyn]]
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*[[Roman the Melodist]]
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*[[Symeon the Stylite]]
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*[[Thekla the Protomartyr]]
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==Dioceses==
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<small>''Only those dioceses with OrthodoxWiki articles are listed.''</small>
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*[[Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and New Zealand|Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and All Oceania]]
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*[[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Archdiocese of North America]]
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*[[Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Western and Central Europe|Archdiocese of Western and Central Europe]]
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{{churches}}
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==External links==
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* [http://www.antiochpat.org/ The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East] (Arabic and English)
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* [http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg.aspx?eccpageID=15&IndexView=toc Eastern Christian Churches: The Patriarchate of Antioch], a scholarly text by Ronald Roberson, CSP, a Roman Catholic priest and Eastern Christianity scholar
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*[http://www.cc.uoa.gr/theology/html/english/pubs/doctrsec/scouteris/27/27.pdf The Spiritual Tradition of the Antioch Patriarchate], by Prof. [[Constantine Scouteris]]
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*[http://www.antiochcentre.net/ 'Antioch']: A Centre for Antiochian Orthodox Christian Studies and Research (Oxford, UK)
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*[http://www.antiochian.org.au/content/section/22/57/ Photos of patriarchal sites]
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===Archdioceses and dioceses===
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====The Middle East====
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*[http://www.quartos.org.lb/ Orthodox Archdiocese of Beirut] (Arabic and English)
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*[http://www.ortmtlb.org.lb/ Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Byblos and Botrys (Mount Lebanon)] (Arabic and English)
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*[http://www.alepporthodox.org/ Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Aleppo] (Arabic and English)
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*[http://www.lattakiaorth.org/ Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Lattakia] (Arabic)
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====North and South America====
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*[http://www.antiochian.org/ Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America] (English)
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*[http://www.catedralortodoxa.com.br/ Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Brazil] (Portuguese)
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*[http://www.iglesiaortodoxa.org.mx/ Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Mexico, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean] (Spanish)
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*[http://www.chileortodoxo.com/ Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Chile] (Spanish)
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====Europe====
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*[http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/diocese.htm  Antiochian Orthodox Diocese in Western and Central Europe] (English)
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*[http://www.rum-orthodox.de/ Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch in Germany] (German)
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*[http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/ Antiochian Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland] (English)
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====The Pacific====
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*[http://www.antiochian.org.au/ Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and New Zealand]
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===Monasteries===
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*[http://www.balamandmonastery.org.lb/ Balamand Monastery of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos (Tripoli, Lebanon)]
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*[http://www.hamatoura.com/ Hamatoura The Holy Mountain of The Theotokos (Amyoun El-Koura,Wadi Kadeesha-North Lebanon)]
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*[http://www.stgeorgesyria.org/ St. George Al-Humayrah Patriarchal Monastery (Homs, Syria)]
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*[http://www.balamandmonastery.org.lb/MonastSaydnaya.htm Holy Patriarchal Convent of Our Lady of Saydnaya (Syria)]
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[[ar:أنطاكية]]
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[[Category:Featured Articles]]
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[[Category:Jurisdictions|Antioch]]

Versiunea de la data 17 aprilie 2007 21:20

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The Church of Antioch is one of the five patriarchates (i.e., the Pentarchy) that constituted the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church before the schism between Rome and Antioch in 1098, and between Rome and the other patriarchates at around the same general period. Today it is one of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. In English translations of official documents, the Church of Antioch refers to itself as the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, though a literal translation of the Arabic name imposed on it by Ottoman law, and retained to this day by the various political successors to the Ottomans, would be Roman Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East.

The Church of Antioch is the continuation of the Christian community founded in Antioch by the Apostles Peter (who served as its first bishop) and Paul, who are its patron saints. In terms of hierarchical order of precedence, it currently ranks third among the world's Orthodox churches, behind Constantinople and Alexandria.

The seat of the patriarchate was formerly Antioch (Antakya), in what is now Turkey. Now it is in Damascus, Syria, located on the "street called Straight." The current patriarch is His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch and all the East.

Our Lady of Balamand Monastery

Format:Church


History

Early years

The early history of the Church of Antioch is detailed in the Acts of the Apostles, where in Acts 11:23 the Apostle Luke records that it was in that city that the disciples of Christ were first called Christians. Due to the importance of Antioch as a major center in the ancient Roman Empire, many of the missionary efforts of the apostles were launched from that city. In the early centuries of the Church's history, it was natural that the Church sojourning in Antioch would come to be traditionally regarded as one of the centers of world Christianity. The territory that came to be associated with the bishop of Antioch was that of the Roman Diocese of the East (a diocese was originally an Imperial governmental division before it became an ecclesiastical one).

The Antiochian school

During the pre-Nicene period and that of the Ecumenical Councils, Christian theology centered in Antioch tended to emphasize the literal, historical facts of the life of Jesus Christ over philosophical or allegorical interpretations of Holy Scripture, contrasted with the more mystical and figurative theology coming from Alexandria. Antiochian theology, though stressing the "earthier" side of interpretation, nevertheless did not neglect the importance of insight into the deeper, spiritual meaning of the Scriptures. These two viewpoints came to be known respectively as the Antiochian school and the Alexandrian school, represented by major catechetical institutions at both places.

Major figures associated with the origin of the Antiochian school include Lucian of Antioch and Paul of Samosata, but its real formation was found with writers such as Diodore of Tarsus, John Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Nestorius, and Theodoret of Cyrrhus. At times, this difference in emphasis caused conflicts within the Church as the tension between the two approaches came to a head, especially regarding the doctrinal disputes over Arianism and Nestorianism. Saints such as John Chrysostom are somewhat regarded as synthesizers of the Antiochian and Alexandrian approaches to theology, and the Antiochian school of theology, whose more deviant proponents produced Arianism and Nestorianism, also enabled the Orthodox fight against the Alexandrian school's deviances, namely Apollinarianism and Eutychianism.

Schism over Chalcedon

Disputes over the Christology of the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon—the Monophysite controversy—in 451 led to a schism within the Church of Antioch, which at that same council was elevated to the status of a patriarchate. The larger group at the time repudiated the council and became the Syriac Orthodox Church (also called the "Jacobites" for Jacob Baradeus, an early bishop of theirs who did extensive missionary work in the region). They currently constitute part of the Oriental Orthodox communion and maintain a Christology somewhat different in language from that of Chalcedon.

The remainder of the Church of Antioch, primarily local Greeks or Hellenized sections of the indigenous population, remained in communion with Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem. This is the current Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East which is considered by the other bishops of the Orthodox Church to be the sole legimate heir to the see of Antioch.

The schism greatly weakened the Antiochian church, and in 637 when Antioch fell to the Muslim Arabs, the "Greek" church was perceived by the invaders as allied to the Romano-Byzantine enemies of the Arabs. During the subsequent period, Antiochian Orthodox Christians underwent a lengthy period of persecution, and there were multiple periods of either vacancy or non-residence on the Antiochian patriarchal throne during the 7th and 8th centuries. In 969, the Roman Empire regained control of Antioch, and the church there prospered again until 1085, when the Seljuk Turks took the city. During this period of more than a hundred years, the traditional West Syrian liturgy of the church was gradually replaced by that of the tradition of the Great Church, Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. This process was completed sometime in the 12th century.

Crusader and Muslim conquests

In 1098, Crusaders took the city and set up a Latin Patriarchate of Antioch to adorn its Latin Kingdom of Syria, while a Greek patriarchate continued in exile in Constantinople. After nearly two centuries of Crusader rule, the Egyptian Mamelukes seized Antioch in 1268, and the Orthodox patriarch, Theodosius IV, was able to return to the region. By this point, Antioch itself had been reduced to a smaller town, and so in the 14th century Ignatius II transferred the seat of the patriarchate to Damascus, where it remains to this day, though the patriarch retains the Antiochian title.

The Ottoman Turks conquered the city in 1517, under whose control it remained until the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. During this period, in 1724, the Church of Antioch was again weakened by schism, as a major portion of its faithful came into submission to the Roman Catholic Church. The resultant Uniate body is known as the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, which in the current day maintains close ties with the Orthodox and is currently holding ongoing talks about healing the schism and returning the Melkites to Orthodoxy.

By the 18th century the great majority of the communicants of the Antiochian church were Arabs. In 1898 the last Greek patriarch was deposed, and an Arab successor was elected in 1899. Thus the patriarchate became fully Arab in character. A strong renewal movement, involving Orthodox youth in particular, has been under way since the 1940s.

The Antiochian church today

Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch

The St. John of Damascus Patriarchal Institute of Theology (Tripoli, Lebanon) was established by the patriarchate in 1970, and in 1988 it was fully incorporated into the University of Balamand. The Institute functions as the primary seminary for theological schooling for the patriarchate's clergy and lay leaders.

The Holy Synod of Antioch includes the patriarch and all the ruling bishops. Meetings are held each year in Spring and Autumn to consider church-wide issues, and to elect the patriarch and other bishops as needed. The patriarch and holy synod govern the Church of Antioch to preserve the true faith, to maintain ecclesiastical order, and to carry out the commandments of Christ. In addition to the synod itself, a general conciliar body meets twice a year to see to the financial, educational, judicial, and administrative matters of the patriarchate. It is composed of members of the synod and of lay representatives. When a new patriarch is to be elected, this body selects three candidates from whom the holy synod chooses the new patriarch.

The current patriarch is His Beatitude Patriarch Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch and all the East, elected in 1979. Patriarch Ignatius has been particularly active in strengthening ties with other Christian communions, but particularly with those whose roots are in Antioch. His Beatitude and the holy synod of Antioch were enthusiastic for the Church of Antioch to participate in general talks between representatives of all the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches.

At Chambesy in Switzerland, plenary talks were held resulting in agreements in 1989, 1990 and 1993. All official representatives of the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox reached agreement in these dialogues that the Christological differences between the two communions are more a matter of emphasis than of substance. Although elements in a number of the Eastern Orthodox Churches have criticized the apparent consensus reached by the representatives at Chambesy, the patriarch and holy synod of the Antiochian Orthodox Church welcomed the agreements as positive moves towards a sharing in the Love of God, and a rejection of the hatred of insubstantial division.

As recommended in the Second Chambesy Agreement, that of 1990, the Antiochian (Eastern) Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius IV formally met with the Syriac (Oriental) Orthodox Patriarch, Ignatius Zakka I, on July 22, 1991. At that formal meeting, the two patriarchs signed a pastoral agreement which called for "complete and mutual respect between the two churches." It also prohibited the passing of faithful from one church to the other, envisaged joint meetings of the two holy synods when appropriate, and provided for future guidelines for intercommunion of the faithful and Eucharistic concelebration by the clergy of the two churches. The Church of Antioch expects these guidelines to be issued when the faithful of both churches are ready, but not before.

Patriarch Ignatius has also overseen participation in a bilateral commission with the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, which is exploring ways of healing the 18th century schism between the Melkite Catholics and the Antiochian Orthodox. In an unprecedented event, Melkite Patriarch Maximos V addressed a meeting of the Orthodox holy synod in October 1996.

The members of the holy synod of Antioch continue to explore greater communication and more friendly meetings with their Syriac, Melkite, and Maronite brothers and sisters, who all share a common heritage.

In May of 1997, the holy synod met and declared that the whole Paschaltide period is to be observed festally, thus balancing the lengthy fasting of Great Lent with an equal feasting period in celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.

This decision, the diplomatic activities, and other moves by Patriarch Ignatius and the holy synod, have drawn criticism from some elements within the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church and particularly from "resistance" groups who have walled themselves off from communion with most of world Orthodoxy.

Of the churches receiving approbrium for "ecumenism", Antioch probably has received the greatest amount.

Expansion abroad

New Antiochian bishops with the patriarch
Left to Right: Bp. Mark (Maymon) of Toledo, Patr. Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch, Bp. Thomas (Joseph) of Oakland, Bp. Alexander (Mufarrij) of Ottawa

Extensive 20th and 21st century Arab immigration to the New World has further increased the size, vigor and influence of the Church of Antioch, and the majority of Antiochian faithful now reside outside the Middle East and include numerous non-Arabic converts to the Orthodox Christian faith. As a result, besides its Middle Eastern territories in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, the Arabian Peninsular, and parts of Turkey, the Church of Antioch also includes missionary dioceses in Central, North, and South America, in Europe, and in Australia and the Pacific. The archdiocese with the largest population is North America. It is also the only one with internal dioceses. The archdiocese with the largest area is Australia and New Zealand. Estimates of the membership of the patriarchate range from 750,000 to over 1,000,000 in Syria alone.

Antiochian saints

Over the centuries, the Church of Antioch has been associated with many saints on the Church's calendar. These include the following:

Synaxis of the Great Saints of the Holy Church of Antioch

Dioceses

Only those dioceses with OrthodoxWiki articles are listed.

Format:Churches

External links

Archdioceses and dioceses

The Middle East

North and South America

Europe

The Pacific

Monasteries

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