Alexander Schmorell

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Sf. Alexander Schmorell

Sfântul mucenic Alexander Schmorell (cunoscut și ca Alexander de Munich) a fost un student la medicină în timpul celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial și unul dintre membrii fondatori a grupării anti-naziste Trandafirul Alb. Împreună cu alți membrii a Trandafirului Alb, a încercat să câștige suport popular între germani pentru a încerca să opună rezistență lui Hitler și a regimului nazist. A fost arestat în februarie 1943 și a fost executat pe 13 iulie 1943, la închisoarea was Stadelheim din Munich. Pe 5 februarie 2012, a fost canonizat la biserica Sfinții Noi Mucenici și Mărturisitori ai Rusiei, din Munich, Germania. Este pomenit de Biserică pe 13 iulie.

Primii ani

Alexander Schmorell s-a născut în Orenburg, Rusia, pe 16 septembrie 1917 (3 septembrie pe stil vechi), și a fost botezat în Biserica Ortodoxă Rusă. Tatăl său, Hugo Schmorell, doctor, a fost german, deși a fost născut în Rusia și a locuit acolo cea mai mare parte a vieții, cu excepția perioadei în care a studiat medicina în Germania. Mama sa, Natalia Vedenskaia, a fost rusoaică, a fost fiica unui preot ortodox rus. Când Alexander avea în jur de un an, mama sa a murit de tifos. Tatăl său s-a recăsătorit în 1920. Femeia cu care s-a căsătorit, Elisabeth Hoffman, a fost de asemenea germană, dar, ca și Hugo Schmorell, a fost crescută în Rusia.

Hugo Schmorell și familia sa au părăsit Rusia în 1921 în scopul de a scăpa de bolșevici. Cu ei s-a dus Feodosia Lapschina, bona lui Alexander, sub pretextul că ea a fost văduva fratelui lui Hugo Schmorell. (Din acest motiv, ea a fost înmormântată cu numele Franziska Schmorell.) Familia s-a stabilit în München și curând după aceea a născut doi copii, Erich and Natașa.

Deși familia se afla deja în Germania, limba casei a rămas rusa. În fapt, deși a locuit mulți ani în Germania, Feodosia Lapschina niciodată n-a învățat foarte multă germană. Elisabeth Schmorell era romano-catolică, după cum erau și frații lui Alexander, dar în mare parte datorită influenței Feodosiei Lapschina, Alexander a rămas ortodox, iar mama sa vitregă a făcut posibil ca el să frecventeze lecțiile de religie ortodoxă din München.

În mentalitatea nazistă, slavii aparțin marii hoarde a suboamenilor, adică, oameni despre care se presupune că sunt în foarte mică măsură umani. Aceasta a fost concepția pe care Alexander niciodată n-ar fi putut-o accepta. O perioadă de timp, a fost parte a Tineretului Scharnhorst, dar odată ce această organizație a devenit parte a Tineretului Hitler (Hitler Jugend), a încetat s-o mai frecventeze.

Când i s-a cerut să jure în serviciul militar, el aproape că a avut o epuizare nervoasă și i-a zis comandantului că nu o poate face; el nu putea să jure loialitate absolută lui Adolf Hitler. A cerut să fie scutit de obligațiile militare. N-a fost scutit, dar cu toate acestea, surprinzător a fost faptul că n-au existat repercusiuni cauzate de refuzul său de a jura. Înainte de a face parte din Trandafirul Alb, a făcut serviciul militar în Cehoslovacia și în Franța. A început studiile universitare în Hamburg în 1939, dar de la căderea din 1940, a studiat mai aproape de clasă la Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität din München. În această perioadă l-a întâlnit pe Hans Scholl, cu carw Alexander a format Trandafirul Alb.

Trandafirul Alb

By 1942, Nazi control of Germany was nearly total. World War II was raging around Germany on all sides. German forces had taken over most of Europe, and German troops were far into Russia and as far as the north of Africa. By this time Hitler's plans for the "cleansing" of Europe were well underway, and Nazi death camps were up and running. It was no secret that any perceived enemy of Hitler's was also liable to be arrested and sent to one of these prisons. Not only that, but the practice of Sippenhaft was also widespread, that is, the family and friends of anyone suspected of opposing Hitler would also be arrested.

The events surrounding White Rose were one of the few contexts in German history during the Third Reich where people took the chance to speak out against what Hitler was doing. In the summer of 1942, Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell obtained a duplicating machine and composed four leaflets under the name The White Rose which called on Germany's people to rise up and resist Hitler. The distribution of these four leaflets was fairly limited and was centered around Munich. This was not the first time that leaflets had been distributed in Germany—for example, some of the homilies of Bishop Clements von Galen which had denounced Hitler's euthanasia program had been written down, typed out, and sent around Germany anonymously. However, the leaflets of the White Rose went further, calling for Germans to realise what was happening, and to resist by any means possible. Contained in the second leaflet, in a passage written by Alexander Schmorell, is the only known public outcry by any German resistance group against the Holocaust.

During the summer of 1942, Hans Scholl, Alexander Schmorell, and Willi Graf were sent to Russia as medics. For Alexander, it was a homecoming of sorts—this was the first time in his life that he could remember experiencing Russia for himself. He told others that there was no way that he could shoot at a Russian, though he said he couldn't kill Germans either. In Russia, he provided a link for his friends to the Russian people. He sought contact with regular people, doctors, and Orthodox priests; he, Hans, and Willi attended Orthodox liturgies together (wearing Nazi uniforms, no less!).

When they returned to Munich in October of 1942, the activities of the White Rose were redoubled. This time, more people were directly involved, including Sophie Scholl (Hans' sister), Professor Kurt Huber, and Traute Lafrenz. Through Alexander's friend, Lilo Ramdohr, contact was established with Falk Harnack, younger brother of Arvid Harnack, who had been arrested in connection with the Red Orchestra (and was also associated with the Bonhoeffers).

In January of 1943, the publication of the fifth leaflet was ready. This time, the members of the White Rose risked their lives to distribute the thousands of leaflets all over greater Germany. Alexander's journey brought him to Linz, Vienna, and Salzburg.

Sfârșitul Trandafirului Alb

After the fall of Stalingrad, a sixth leaflet was produced. On February 18, 1943, Hans and Sophie Scholl were caught distributing this leaflet at the University in Munich. They were arrested, and a search commenced for Alexander Schmorell. With the help of Lilo Ramdohr and Nikolai Hamazaspian, he tried escaping to Switzerland with a forged passport, but the way was too difficult, and he turned back to Munich. On February 24, 1943, he was arrested when a friend of his recognised him in an air-raid shelter. He was sentenced to death on April 19, 1943, and was executed by guillotine on July 13, 1943.

Religia în Trandafirul Alb

Although the White Rose was not a religious group per se, it is undeniable that the faith in God that these young people had was one of the primary reasons that they acted with the bravery they did. Alexander Schmorell was the only one of the group who was Orthodox, but the faith they all showed to do what they did is exemplary. Although Alexander's connection to Orthodoxy has, in various books, been played off as merely a way for him to stay more connected with his Russian heritage, or a fascination with ritual rather than with real faith, he attended Orthodox services regularly, and as his friend Lilo Ramdohr said he was somebody who always had a Bible with him and demonstrated a lifelong love of Orthodoxy. In his letters to his family from prison, he writes about the deepening of his faith, that although he is condemned to die, he is at peace, knowing he served the truth. In his last letter, written just before his execution, he wrote his family, "Never forget God!!"

Epilog

Alexander Schmorell was buried behind Stadelheim Prison, in the cemetery at Perlacher Forst. After World War II, the American forces came in and built a base behind Perlacher Forst. When they left in the mid-1990s, they had to sell off the buildings and property. One of the buildings left behind was a church.

By providence, at this time, the ROCOR in Munich was searching for a church building. They were able to purchase the American church, and in this way, Alexander Schmorell's home parish is now across the street from where his earthly remains are buried. In anticipation of eventual glorification as a saint he was included on the iconostasis - sans nimbus - among the New Martyrs of Russia when the icons on the iconostasis were written in the mid 1990s.

Canonizarea

Completing the act of canonization, St. Alexander was glorified as a New Martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. in Munich, Germany on February 5, 2012.[1]

Imnuri

Troparion (Tone 4)

Today a light adorns our glorious city,

having within it your holy relics, O Holy Martyr Alexander;

for which sake pray to Christ God,

that He deliver us from all tribulations,

for gathered together in love we celebrate your radiant memory,

imitating your bravery,

standing against the godless powers and enemies.

Kontakion (Tone 4)

From your mother you did inherit the love of Christ,

and through the love of your care-giver you were nourished in the fear of God, O all-glorious one,

to Whom you did give thyself, O all-honorable Alexander,

and you diligently pray with the angels.

Entreat on behalf of all who honor your memory a forgiveness of their sins.

Lecturi suplimentare

• Bald, Detlaf. Die Weiße Rose: Von der Front in den Widerstand. Aufbau-Verlag, 2003 (ISBN 3351025467)
• Breinersdorfer, Fred. Sophie Scholl - Die Letzten Tage, Fischer Tb. Vlg., 2005. (ISBN 3596166098)
• Dumbach, Annette, and Jud Newborn. Shattering the German Night, Little, Brown, & Co., 1986. (ISBN 0316604135)
• Fürst-Ramdohr, Lilo. Freundschaften in der 'Weißen Rose', Verlag Geschichtswerkstatt Neuhausen, 1995. (ISBN 3931231003)
• Hanser, Richard. A Noble Treason: The Revolt of the Munich Students Against Hitler. Putnam Pub Group, 1979, reprint 2012 (ISBN 978-1586175573)
• Kulturinitiative E.V. Freiburg (Hrg). Die Weiße Rose: Gesichter einer Freundschaft, 2004
• Moll, Christiane. Alexander Schmorell - Christoph Probst Gesammelte Briefe, Lukas Verlag, 2011 (ISBN 978-3867320658)
• Храмов, Игор. Русская душа «Белой розы», Оренбургская книга 2001. (ISBN 5945290033)

Legături externe

• Biography
• Letters from Prison (English translation)
• Jim Forest: A Canonization in Munich: Saint Alexander Schmorell
• Archbishop +Mark's trip to Orenburg on the 90th anniversary of Alexander Schmorell's birth
• Church Slavonic troparions and kontakions
• Wikipedia: White_Rose