==Erezii creştine vechi==
Urgent concerns with the uniformity of belief and practice have characterized Christianity from the outsetPreocupări imperioase privitor la uniformitatea credinţei şi cultului au caracterizat creştinismul încă din primele zile. The process of establishing orthodox Christianity was in full swing by middle to late first century when Paul wrote the epistles that comprise Procesul de stabilire a large part of the New ceea ce înseamnă creştinismul ortodox a fost în toi de la mijlocul până la sfârşitul secolului I, când [[Apostolul Pavel]] a scris epistolele care constituie o mare parte din [[Noul Testament]]. On many occasions in Paul's epistlesÎn diverse ocazii din epistolele pauline, he defends his own apostleshipacesta îşi apără lucrarea apostolică şi îi îndeamnă pe creştinii din diverse locuri să îi evite pe falşii învăţători sau pe cei care învaţă orice este în contradicţie cu ccea ce el le-a transmis. Epistolele lui Ioan şi a lui Iuda, and urges Christians in various places to beware of false teachersde asemenea, or of anything contrary to what was handed to them by him. The epistles of John and Jude also warn of false teachersavertizează cu privire la falşii învăţători, as does the writer of the aşa cum face şi ''Book of RevelationCartea Apocalipsei''.
During the first three centuriesÎn primele secole, Christianity was effectively outlawed by requirements to worship the Roman emperor and Roman godscreştinismul a fost permanent proscris din cauza impunerii venerării împăraţilor romani şi a zeilor romani. ConsequentlyÎn consecinţă, when the Church labeled its enemies as heretics and cast them out of its congregations or severed ties with dissident churchesatunci când Biserica ăşi eticheta inamicii ca "eretici" şi îi alunga din comunităţi sau când rupea legăturile cu bisericile dizidente, it remained without the power to persecute themea nu avea puterea de a le persecuta. HoweverTotuşi, those called aceia numiţi "hereticseretici" were also called a number of other things mai erau numiţi şi cu diverse nume (e.g. de ex "foolsnebuni," "wild dogscâini sălbatici," "servants of Satanslujitorii Satanei"), so the word astfel încât, cuvântul "hereticeretic" had negative associations from the beginninga avut o asociere negativă încă de la începuturi, and intentionally soaşa cum s-a şi intenţionat.
In the middle of the 2nd centuryLa mijlocul secolului al II-lea, three unorthodox groups of Christians adhered to trei grupuri de creştini neortodocşi au aderat la unele doctrine, fapt care a range of doctrines that divided the Christian communities of Romedivizat comunităţile creştine din Roma: the teacher învăţătorul [[Marcion]], the pentecostal outpourings of ecstatic Christian prophets of revărsarea cincizecimii a profeţilor creştini în extaz a continuing revelationrevelaţiei creştine, in a movement called într-o mişcare numită "[[Montanismmontanism]]" because it had been initiated by deoarece a fost iniţiată de [[MontanusMontan]] and his female disciples, and the şi discipolele sale feminine şi învăţăturile [[Gnosticism|gnosticgnostice]] teachings of Valentinusale lui Valentin. Early attacks upon alleged heresies formed the matter of Primele atacuri asupra aşa-ziselor erezii au constituit conţinutul lucrării lui [[TertullianTertulian]], 's ''Prescription Against HereticsReţete împotriva ereticilor'' (in cu 44 chapters, written from Romede capitole şi scrisă la Roma), and of şi a lui [[Irenaeus of Irineu de Lyons|IrenaeusIrineu]]' ''Against HeresiesContra ereticilor'' (''ca'' 180, in five volumesîn cinci volume), written in scrisă în Lyon after his return from a visit to Romedupă reîntoarcerea sa dintr-o vizită la Roma. The letters of Scrisoarile lui [[Ignatius of AntiochIgnatie de Antiohia]] and şi a lui [[Polycarp of SmyrnaPolicarp al Smirnei]] to various churches warned against false teacherscătre diverse biserici au avertizat împotriva falselor învăţături, and the iar ''[[Epistle of BarnabasEpistola lui Barnaba]]'' accepted by many Christians as part of Scripture in the 2nd century, warned about mixing Judaism with Christianityacceptată de mulţi creştini din secolul al II-lea ca parte componentă a Scripturii, as did other writersavertiza asupra amestecării [[iudaism]]ului cu creştinismul, leading to decisions reached in the la fel ca şi alţi scriitori. Toate acestea au condus la deciziile luate la [[First Ecumenical CouncilSinodul I Ecumenic]], which was convoked by the Emperor Constantine at Nicaea in care a fost convocat de Împăratul [[Constantin cel Mare]] la Niceea în 325, in response to further disruptive polemical controversy within the Christian communityca răspuns la controversele polemice viitoare din cadrul comunităţilor creştine, in that case în cazul de faţă disputele [[Arianism|Arianariene]] disputes over the nature of the Trinityprivind natura Sfintei Treimi.
Irenaeus was the first to argue that the Irineu a fost singurul care a susţinut că poziţia "proto-orthodoxortodox" position was the same faith that era aceeaşi credinţă pe care [[JesusIisus]] gave to the a transmis-o [[apostleapostoli]]slor şi că identitatea apostolilor, and that the identity of the apostlesa succesorilor şi învăţăturile acestora suntcunoştinţe publice bine cunoscute. Acesta a fost, their successorsaşadar, and the teachings of the same were all well known public knowledge. This was therefore an earlier un prim argument on the basis of pe baza [[Apostolic successionSuccesiune apostolică|Apostolic Successionsuccesiunii apostolice]]. Irenaeus' opponents claimed to have received secret teachings from Jesus via other apostles which were not publicly knownOponenţii lui Irineu au pretins că au primit învăţături secrete de la Iisus prin ceilalţi apostoli care nu au fost făcute publice. ([[Gnosticism]] is predicated on the existence of hidden knowledgeul se bazează pe existenţa unor cunoştinţe ascunse, but brief references to cu toate că scurte referinţe la învăţăturile private teachings of Jesus have also survived in the canonic Scriptureale lui Iisus au supravieţuit şi în Scriptura canonică.) Irenaeus' opponents also claimed that the wellsprings of Oponenţii lui Irineu au pretins, de semenea, că izvorul nesecat al inspiraţiei divine inspiration were not dried upnu a secat, the doctrines of continuing revelationadică doctrinele revelaţiei continue.
Before Înainte de 325 ADDH, the natura "hereticaleretică" nature of some beliefs was a matter of much debate within the churchesunor credinţe a fost subiectul unor dezbateri îndelungate în cadrul Bisericii. In the early church, heresies were sometimes determined by a selected council of bishopsÎn biserica primară, or ereziile erau uneori stabilite de un [[ecumenical councilsinod]]de episcopi aleşi sau de un sinod ecumenic, such as the cum a fost [[First Ecumenical CouncilSinodul I Ecumenic|First Council of NicaeaPrimul Sinod de la Niceea]]. After După 325 ADDH, some opinion was formulated as dogma through the unele opinii au fost formulate ca dogme prin intermediul ''canonscanoanelor'' promulgated by the councilsemise de sinoade. Each phrase in the Fiecare frază din [[Nicene CreedCrezul]]de la Niceea, which was hammered out at the Council of Nicaeacare a fost fixat la Sinodul de la Niceea, addresses some aspect that had been under passionate discussion and closes the books on the argument, with the weight of the agreement of over conţine unele aspecte care au fost subiectul unor discuţii aprinse şi care astfel au fost stinse prin puterea deciziei a 300 carefully selected bishops from around the empirede episcopi aleşi cu grijă din întreg imperiul. HoweverCu toate acestea, that did not prevent the Sinodul nu a reuşit să împiedice ca [[Arianismarianism|Ariansarienii]] who were defeated at the council of , învinşi în 325 from dominating most of the church for the greater part of the fourth century, often with the aid of Roman emperors who favored themsă domine majoritatea bisericii în cea mai mare parte a secolului al IV-lea, adesea cu ajutorul împăraţilor romani care îi favorizau. In the EastÎn Răsărit, the successful party of adepţii lui [[Cyril of JerusalemChiril al Ierusalimului|CyrilChiril]] cast out i-au declarat pe [[NestoriusNestorie]] and his followers as heretics and collected and burned his writingsşi pe adepţii lui eretici şi le-a confiscat şi ars scrierile.
The church had little power to actually punish heretics in the early years, other than by [[excommunication]], a spiritual punishment, or, as in the case of [[Arius]], assassination (Though this would me a matter of contention, as he was supported by the Royalty, and his end was rather strange. It is described as thus: As Arius was journeying to cocelebrate the [[Divine Liturgy]] with the Bishop, who had be pressured into doing such as a sign to the people that there wasn't really any difference between Arian and Church belief, tradition tell us Arius stopped to use the facilities. Some short time later his follower went in to check on him, as he had taken a long time. Apparently, his intestines had passed out of him.). To those who accepted it, an excommunication was the worst form of punishment possible, as it separated the individual from the body of Christ, his Church, and prevented [[salvation]]. Excommunication, or even the threat of excommunication, was enough to convince many a heretic to renounce his views. The Hispanic ascetic [[Priscillian of Avila]] was the first person to be executed for heresy, only sixty years after the First Council of Nicaea, in 385. He was executed at the orders of Emperor [[Magnus Maximus]], over the procedural objections of bishops [[Ambrose of Milan]] and [[Martin of Tours]].
Over the years, numerous Christian scholars and preachers have disagreed with the Church on various issues or doctrines. When the Church has become aware of these beliefs, they have been condemned as heretical. Historically, this often happened when the belief challenged, or was seen to challenge, Church authority, or drew a movement of followers who challenged the established order socially. For entirely secular reasons, some influential people have had an interest in maintaining the status quo or condemning a group they wished to be removed. The Church's internal explanations for its actions were based purely on objection to beliefs and philosophies that ran contrary to its interpretation of the [[Holy Scripture]]s and its official interpretation of Holy Tradition.
Cele mai cunoscute erezii sunt următoarele:
*[[Adopţionism]]
*[[Socianism]]
==Contemporary useUtilizare contemporană==While the term is often used to indicate any nonorthodox belief such as Deşi termenul este adesea utilizat pentru a indica orice credinţă neortodoxă, cum ar fi [[PaganismPăgânism]]ul, prin definiţie, by definition heresy can only be committed by a person who considers himself a Christianerezia nu poate fi comisă decât de o persoană care se consideră ea însăşi ca fiind creştină, but rejects the teachings of the Christian Churchdar respinge învăţăturile Bisericii creştine. A person who completely renounces O persoană care renunţă complet la [[Introduction to Orthodox ChristianitySpiritualitate|Christianitycreştinism]] is not considered a hereticnu este considerată eretică, but an ci [[apostasyapostazie|apostateapostată]]; a person who renounces the authority of the Churcho persoană care renunţă la autoritatea Bisericii, but not its teachings, is a dar nu la învăţăturile sale este o [[schismschismă|schismaticschismatică]], while an individual outside of the Orthodox Church who considers himself to be Christian might be called în timp ce un individ din afara Bisericii Ortodoxe care se consideră el însuşi creştin poate fi numit [[Heterodoxheterodox]]. Heretics usually do not define their own beliefs as hereticalDe obicei, ereticii nu ăşi definesc învăţătura ca fiind eretică. Heresy is the expression of a view from within an established belief systemErezia este expresia unei vederi din interiorul unui sistem de credinţă stabilit. For instanceDe exemplu, Roman Catholics held Protestantism as a heresy while some nonromano-Catholics considered Catholicism the catolicii îi consideră pe protestanţi eretici în timp ce unii necatolici consideră catolicismul ca fiind "Great Apostasymarea apostazie."
==Surse==